Reproductive performance of four aphidophagous ladybirds on cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

Abstract:  This study investigated prey consumption, egg production, percent progeny loss, reproductive, pre- and post-reproductive periods, reproductive time ratio, reproductive rate and bioconversion efficiency of four aphidophagous ladybirds, viz. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) on Dolichos lablab Linnaeus infested with cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. C. sexmaculata had the highest bioconversion efficiency, reproductive rate and reproductive time ratio followed in rank order by P. dissecta , C. transversalis and C. septempunctata . This study indicates that C. sexmaculata has a narrow ecological relationship with A. craccivora . The increased allocation of resources to reproduction as indicated through a high reproductive time ratio and high bioconversion efficiency of C. sexmaculata and P. dissecta suggest that they may be better adapted to compete for this prey with larger species like C. transversalis and C. septempunctata .     

Guar gum derivatives. Part I: Preparation and properties

O-(2-Hydroxyethyl), O-(2-hydroxypropyl) and O-carboxymethyl derivatives of guar gum have been prepared under different experimental conditions. Several properties such as moisture regain, rate of hydration, solubility, viscosity and rheology of these derivatives have been studied. The properties depend upon polysaccharide chain length, and the nature and degree of chemical modification. The effect of alkali and alkaline hydrogen peroxide on the properties of guar gum have also been studied.     

Binding properties of diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) reacted with liver cell plasma membrane of rodent hosts-cotton rat, albino rat and Mastomys natalensis exhibiting the presence of both saturable and unsaturable components. The presence of lectins or sugar derivatives did not affect the binding significantly. The drug showed similar binding pattern with serum but the saturation was reached at a much lower concentration of the ligand. Data obtained with a variety of macromolecules, particularly with the homopolymers of amino acids indicate that DEC does not require any specific constituent of the membrane for binding. The nonspecific nature of DEC binding does not provide any convincing clue for the accumulation of microfilariae specifically in the liver following the drug treatment.     

Methyl mercury uptake by free and immobilized cyanobacterium

Methyl mercury uptake in free cells and different immobilizates of the cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola has been examined. The general growth of the immobilized cyanobacterial cells could be negatively correlated with methyl mercury uptake. Alginate spheres proved most efficient in terms of uptake rate (0.48 nmol mg protein^–1 min^–1, 10 min) and total bioaccumulation (10.71 nmol mg protein^–1, 1 h) with a bioconcentration factor of 3.3×10³. Alginate biofilms showed a faster methyl mercury accumulation rate (0.83 nmol mg protein^–1 min^–1, 10 min) with a saturation of 10.28 nmol mg protein^–1 reached within only 30 min (bioconcentration factor, 3.1×10³). Foam preparations with a slow initial uptake approximated biofilms but were characterized by a lower bioconcentration factor (2.8×10³). Free cells, in comparison, maintained the initial slow rate of uptake (0.62 nmol mg protein^–1 min^–1, 10 min), saturating at 30 min (8.81 nmol mg protein^–1), and the resultant lowest bioconcentration factor (2.7×10³). Cell ageing (30 days) brought a drastic reduction (3-fold) in organomercury uptake by free cells while alginate spheres maintained the same potential. Foam preparations of the same age showed a significant improvement in methyl mercury uptake followed by only a marginal decline in alginate biofilms. Data are discussed in the light of the physiological efficiency and longevity of immobilized cells.     

Characterization of cDNAs, mRNAs, and proteins related to human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase

A cytochrome P-450 (P-450) multigene family codes for several related human liver enzymes, including the P-450 responsible for (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation. This enzyme activity has previously been shown to be associated with a genetic polymorphism. Genomic (Southern) blot analysis using non-overlapping 5' and 3' portions of a cDNA clone suggests that approximately seven related sequences are present in this gene family. In this study four cDNA clones, all nearly full-length, were isolated from a bacteriophage lambda gt11 library prepared from a single human liver. These clones can be grouped into two categories that are approximately 85% identical at the level of DNA sequence. The cDNA clones in one category (MP-4, MP-8) both match the N-terminal sequences of the P-450MP-1 and P-450MP-2 proteins, which had previously been shown to be catalytically active in (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation. These two cDNAs, MP-4 and MP-8, differ in only two bases in the coding region but are quite distinct in their 3' noncoding regions. Another protein (P-450MP-3) was isolated on the basis of its immunochemical similarity to P-450MP-1 but was found to be catalytically inactive; amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides of P-450MP-3 showed a correspondence to the second category of cDNA clones (MP-12, MP-20), which differ from each other in only four (nonsilent) base changes. Oligonucleotides specific for the two groups of cDNA clones were used as probes of human liver mRNAs--individual liver samples examined expressed both types of mRNAs but no correlation was observed between the abundance levels of any mRNA and catalytic activity. Further, oligonucleotide probes indicated that mRNAs corresponding to both the MP-4 and MP-8 clones were apparently present in individual liver samples. A monoclonal antibody was isolated that recognized P-450MP-1 but not P-450MP-2 or P-450MP-3; the amount of protein detected by the antibody in different liver samples was not correlated with the mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activity. These results indicate that several closely related P-450 genes are all expressed in individual human livers. The MP-4/MP-8 gene products are proposed to be the ones most likely involved in mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation, and much of the variation in catalytic activity among individuals is not a result of differences in levels of P-450MP-1 or mRNA but may be due to base differences in the structural gene(s).     

Alpha-L-fucosidase from bull seminal plasma: its purification and acrosome reaction promoting property

Alpha-L-fucosidase was purified from the bull seminal plasma by chromatography on DEAE-disk, octyl sepharose hydrophobic column and HPLC. The enzyme appeared to be pure as judged by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both under the nondenaturing and denaturing conditions. The pure enzyme promoted the acrosome reaction of guinea pig spermatozoa in vitro. This is the first report showing that an acrosomal enzyme induces acrosome reaction which is an essential pre-requisite for the gamete interaction and fertilization.     

Flow of couple stress fluid through stenotic blood vessels

The effects of an axially symmetric mild stenosis on the flow of blood, when blood is represented by a couple stress fluid model, have been studied. It is found that, for a fixed stenosis size, the resistance to flow and wall shear stress increase as the couple stress parameter eta decreases from unity. A comparison of the results with those of the Newtonian case shows that the magnitude of resistance to flow and wall shear under a given set of conditions, is greater in the case of the couple stress fluid model. It is seen that even in the case of a mild stenosis (19% area reduction), resistance to flow and wall shear values are increased over those for no stenosis by 60% and 62%, respectively, when compared with the case of a Newtonian fluid.     

Regulation of toxin biosynthesis by plasmids in Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae strain 569B Inaba harbouring P plasmid produced less toxin than the parent strain. To examine the effect of plasmid loss on toxin production, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of P, unable to replicate at 42 degrees C, were isolated. One ts plasmid was unstable at 42 degrees C and its loss yielded a cured strain that resumed a normal level of toxin biosynthesis characteristic of the plasmid-free parent strain. Toxin production was again suppressed in the cured strain after reacquisition of P plasmid. This suggested a role for plasmid-borne genes in the regulation of toxin biosynthesis. A mutant of strain 569B Inaba that produced mutant toxin was isolated by transfer of P and V plasmids. The mutant toxin was similar to choleragenoid because it did not give rise to symptoms of cholera but induced antitoxin immunity in rabbits.     

Carbohydrates,lipids and lipoproteins and islet changes in diabetes with superimposed myocardial infarction

Short-term metabolic and concomitant morphologic effects of streptozotocin diabetes on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction was studied in Wistar rats, Of particular significance was the observation that myocardial infarction in concert with diabetes brought about a distinctive exacerbation of the severity and complexity of the histopathological lesions. Of all the biochemical parameters, serum glucose and free fatty acids registered maximum elevation and serum lactate and cardiac glycogen levels a maximum reduction. Among the lipoproteins, an inverse relationship was found between high density lipoproteins and low density and very low density lipoproteins; while high density lipoproteins, ratio of high density lipoprotein to low density lipoprotein and the percentage of high density lipoprotein were decreased, there was a significant increase in low density lipoprotein concentration and percentage values of low density and very low density lipoproteins. In diabetes, the B cell of the endocrine pancreas depicted selective necrosis. Loss of insulin granules and wide-spread necrobiosis of cellular elements of the pancreatic islets were observed, respectively, in myocardial infarction and in diabetes plus myocardial infarction combinations. Pathological evidence of chemical-induced mild toxicity was present in the exocrine parenchyma. Mitotic features and the presence of centroacinar cells in the damaged Langerhans’ islets supposedly formed the basis of regeneration of the tissue in diabetes, with or without vascular complications