Isoenzyme variation patterns and species concept in Astragalus gossypinus and Astragalus persicus complexes (Fabaceae) in Iran

Isoenzyme electrophoresis was employed to examine the relationships of 21 individuals representing four populations of Astragalus gossypinus complex as well as 20 individuals representing five populations of Astragalus persicus complex. A total of 27 bands from three enzyme systems (superoxide dismutase, esterase, and peroxidase) were obtained. UPGMA clustering method resulted in two distinct clusters for different populations corresponding to the two species complexes analysed. In both species, populations distributed on Alborz mountain range in northern Iran form separated clusters from those distributed on Zagros mountain range in the West. The results also show that both species complexes exhibit a high diversity based on Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′) compared with other species of Astragalus reported previously. The mean number of bands per each presumed isoenzyme ranges from 2.14 to 3.57. The value of Euclidean distance ranges from 1.251 to 3.152. Our data suggest that both species should be circumscribed wider than that treated by most taxonomists, and several taxonomic names should be reduced under synonymy of the corresponding species.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of conventional insecticides against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), on four different substrata surfaces

在害虫治理中,在消费或贮藏粮食加工产品的建筑设施或场所进行害虫防治需要将杀虫剂施用在各种基质表面上.为了测定不同基质表面上杀虫剂的药效,将四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus(F.)成虫接触田间推荐剂量的阿维菌素、溴氰菊酯和毒死蜱.结果表明:施用在玻璃、瓷砖、塑料和纸盘表面上,阿维菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为63.33％,22.41％,12.9％和11.9％,而溴氰菊酯在这4种基质表面上对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为55％,44.2％,41.3％和37.4％.在所有基质表面上接触毒死蜱,四纹豆象成虫的死亡率均为100％.对数据进行的Probit分析表明,毒死蜱制剂在玻璃、瓷砖、塑料和纸盘上对四纹豆象成虫的LC50值分别为8.66,13.6,29 16和56.5 μg/mL,阿维菌素制剂的相应数值分别为119.4,446.2,774.2和836.4μg/mL,溴氰菊酯制剂的相应数值分别为1008,1131,1210和1336 μg/mL.据此推断,毒死蜱对四纹豆象的毒性最强,且在玻璃、瓷砖、塑料和纸盘表面上的毒性依次降低.     

Efficacy of pesticides on the functional response on larval ectoparasitoid,Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Exposing to sub-lethal and low lethal doses of pesticides may cause changes in natural enemy behavioural, such as functional, response. In this study, the effects of chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, abamectin and spinosad were evaluated on the functional response of the Habrobracon hebetor to different densities of last instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller. Young adult females of the parasitoid were exposed to LC₃₀ of chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, abamectin and spinosad that were 0.32, 4.03, 3.05 and 17.51?mg a.i./l for 24?h, respectively. Host densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 were offered to treated young females for 2?h in 10-cm Petri dishes and then the parasitism data were recorded. Experiments were conducted in eight replications. Functional response type was determined using logistic regression and the parameters were appraised by non-linear regression using statistical analysis software. Functional response was type Ш in control and insecticide treatments. Searching efficiency in control, chlorpyrifos-, carbaryl-, abamectin- and spinosad-treated wasps were 0.008?±?0.002, 0.002?±?0.0009, 0.0034?±?0.0013, 0.0076?±?0.002 and 0.0073?±?0.002?h^?1and handling times were 1.38?±?0.1, 7.64?±?1.01, 3.3?±?0.315, 1.55?±?0.1 and 1.46?±?0.11?h, respectively. Chlorpyrifos and carbaryl had the highest effect on searching efficiency of H. hebetor. Spinosad and abamectin showed less adverse effect on the functional response parameters. Finally, after conducting the advanced field studies, spinosad and abamectin may be used as a compatible chemical material with biological control agent in integrated pest management programmes.     

Hydraulic residence time computation for constructed wetland design

Hydraulic residence time (HRT) is one of the key design parameters controlling the removal efficiency of contaminants and nutrients in stormwater and wastewater wetlands. The paper presents a new approach to the estimation of HRT using the variable residence time (VART) model. The VART model is employed to simulate the major processes (including advection, dispersion, and transient storage of contaminants/nutrients in vegetated zones) affecting HRT and thereby to produce a hydraulic residence time distribution (HRTD) for a design wetland. The HRTD in combination with a moment-based method is then utilized to find a mean design HRT for the design wetland. Methods for estimation of parameters governing the HRTD are proposed. The new approach to HRT computation is demonstrated through a case study for the Tres Rios Demonstration (TRD) Wetlands in Arizona, USA. Modeling results show that the design HRTs for the Hayfield wetland (H1) and the Cobble wetlands (C1 and C2) are 4.04, 4.66, and 2.65 days, respectively. The computed HRTs agree well with those reported by previous studies, confirming the efficacy of the new approach to hydraulic design of constructed wetlands.     

Serum Mercury Level and Multiple Sclerosis

Exposure to heavy metals has been associated to a higher incidence of multiple sclerosis. In this work, we present a possible relationship between serum mercury levels and development of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, the third largest city in Iran. Seventy-four patients affected by multiple sclerosis were retrieved from multiple sclerosis (MS) clinic in Isfahan, Iran. By matching sex and age, 74 healthy volunteers were chosen as control group. Blood samples were collected and serum mercury content was determined. Serum mercury level in MS patients was significantly higher than controls (9.6 ± 10.17 vs. 5.7 ± 8.6, P = 0.037). Concerning all MS patients, serum mercury value was significantly higher than the mercury concentration founded in control subjects {odd ratio: 2.39 (CI, 1.96–2.94), P = 0.00}. Serum mercury level is higher in MS patients with odd ratio equal to 2.39 compared with healthy individuals. It may reveal that high mercury levels in serum might help MS development in susceptible individuals. More studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Homology Modeling and Functional Characterization of PR-1a Protein of Hordeum vulgare subsp. Vulgare

Pathogenesis-related protein 1a of Hordeum vulgare subsp. Vulgare (HvPR-1a) is induced by various pathogens and stress related factors. It plays important roles in plant defense system. Since the discovery of HvPR-1a a great deal of research has been focused on its isolation and characterization. However, three dimensional structure of HvPR-1a is still unknown. 3D structure can be used for determining protein function, and identifying novel protein folds and potential targets for regulation. The protein model was developed using MODELLER 9v10. Physicochemical characterization and functional annotation of the model carried out with Expasy''s ProtParam server and three different conserved domain finding programs including InterProScan, Proteins Families Database (Pfam), and NCBI Conserved Domains Database (NCBI-CDD). Applying validation programs revealed that the model has good quality and the RMSD value is 0.7. The predicted model submitted in Protein Model Database, PMDB for public use. This model will be used in wide range of studies for functional analysis and improvement activity of the protein.     

Antidiabetic potential of saffron and its active constituents

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is growing rapidly worldwide. This metabolic disorder affects many physiological pathways and is a key underlying cause of a multitude of debilitating complications. There is, therefore, a critical need for effective diabetes management. Although many synthetic therapeutic glucose-lowering agents have been developed to control glucose homeostasis, they may have unfavorable side effects or limited efficacy. Herbal-based hypoglycemic agents present an adjunct treatment option to mitigate insulin resistance, improve glycemic control and reduce the required dose of standard antidiabetic medications. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), whilst widely used as a food additive, is a natural product with insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemic effects. Saffron contains several bioactive β carotenes, which exert their pharmacological effects in various tissues without any obvious side effects. In this study, we discuss how saffron and its major components exert their hypoglycemic effects by induction of insulin sensitivity, improving insulin signaling and preventing β-cell failure, all mechanisms combining to achieve better glycemic control.     

Molecular analysis of an outer membrane protein, MopB, of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and structural comparisons with proteins of the OmpA family

The gene encoding a major outer membrane protein (MopB) of the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) was cloned and sequenced. The cloned DNA contained an open reading frame of 1044 bp coding for a 348-amino-acid polypeptide with a 21-amino-acid leader peptide. Comparative sequence analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed that the C-terminal part of MopB possessed sequences that are conserved in the OmpA family of proteins. The N-terminal half of the protein had no significant sequence similarity to other proteins in the databases, but the predicted secondary structure showed stretches of amphipathic beta-strands typical of transmembrane segments of outer membrane proteins. A region with four cysteines similar to the cysteine-encompassing region of the OprF of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found toward the C-terminal part of MopB. Results from whole-cell labeling with the fluorescent thiol-reacting reagent 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein indicated a surface-exposed location for these cysteines. A probe consisting of the 3'-end of the mopB gene hybridized to the type I methanotroph Methylomonas methanica S in Southern blots containing DNA from nine methanotrophic strains representing six different genera.     

Ultrasensitivity in multisite phosphorylation of membrane-anchored proteins

Cellular signaling is initially confined to the plasma membrane, where the cytoplasmic tails of surface receptors and other membrane-anchored proteins are phosphorylated in response to ligand binding. These proteins often contain multiple phosphorylation sites that are regulated by membrane-confined enzymes. Phosphorylation of these proteins is thought to be tightly regulated, because they initiate and regulate signaling cascades leading to cellular activation, yet how their phosphorylation is regulated is poorly understood. Ultrasensitive or switchlike responses in their phosphorylation state are not expected because the modifying enzymes are in excess. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of ultrasensitivity exhibited by multisite membrane-anchored proteins, but not cytosolic proteins, even when enzymes are in excess. The mechanism underlying this concentration-independent ultrasensitivity is the local saturation of a single enzyme by multiple sites on the substrate. Local saturation is a passive process arising from slow membrane diffusion, steric hindrances, and multiple sites, and therefore may be widely applicable. Critical to this ultrasensitivity is the brief enzymatic inactivation that follows substrate modification. Computations are presented using ordinary differential equations and stochastic spatial simulations. We propose a new role, to our knowledge, for multisite membrane-anchored proteins, discuss experiments that can be used to probe the model, and relate our findings to previous theoretical work.