Digestibility of the hydrogenated derivative of an isomaltooligosaccharide mixture by rats.

The digestibility of the hydrogenated derivative of an isomaltooligosaccharide mixture (IMO-H) was investigated. In an in vitro experiment, the digestibility of IMO-H was examined by models of the digestive system. IMO-H was resistant to two types of alpha-amylase and to artificial gastric juice. Enzymes in the rat small intestinal mucosa hydrolyzed tri-, tetra- and higher saccharide alcohols to disaccharide alcohol, removing successive glucose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. The hydrolysis ratio for IMO-H was intermediate between the values for maltose and maltitol. In an in vivo study, growing rats were fed on an experimental diet containing IMO-H, maltitol, or hydrogenated palatinose in the range from 5% to 20%. The growth parameters of the rats fed on the test sugar show that the availability of IMO-H was about 1.2 to 1.25 times that of maltitol or hydrogenated palatinose.     

Operant conditioning of cortical steady potential responses in rats

This study was conducted to determine if amplitudes of rat corticol steady potential (SP) response to an auditory stimulus could be altered by operant conditioning procedures using food reinforcement. The negative SP responses to the 5-sec tone alone diminished with repeated presentation of the stimulus. When food reinforcement was given immediately following the tone, SP response amplitudes increased and stabilized after 4–5 sessions. Thereafter, the animals were required to increase or decrease the amplitudes of response in order to obtain reinforcement. Two of three rats required to increase amplitudes were successful and three of four rats required to decrease amplitudes were successful. It is concluded that changes in cortical SP responses can be operantly conditioned.     

The influence of water depth and flow regime on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow,lowland river

Hydrobiologia - The taxonomic composition and biomass of phytoplankton in the San Joaquin River, California, were examined in relation to water depth, flow regime, and water chemistry. Without...