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41.
Arinze-Onyia SU Onwasigwe CN Uzochukwu BS Nwobi EA Ndu AC Nwobodo E 《Nigerian journal of physiological sciences》2010,25(2):165-171
This was an intervention study to assess the effects of health education on the knowledge and attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) by female students of University of Nigeria in southeast Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 337 female students of a tertiary educational institution (150 in the study group and 187 from the control group) who were selected by multistage sampling. Subsequently, health education was conducted only among students in the study institution. Three months after this intervention, its effects were assessed through a survey using the same structured questionnaire employed in the baseline survey. Unlike the pre-intervention results, knowledge of EC was significantly higher among the study group than the controls. Attitudes to EC were also more favourable at the post- intervention survey among the study group. Health education can effectively improve knowledge and attitudes to EC among female students of tertiary institutions and this should be encouraged. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes, Emergency contraception, Health education, Female students, Tertiary institutions. 相似文献
42.
The immunophenotype of HT29 human colon cancer cells implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice was assessed in primary
tumours and their metastases in the lungs using an indirect immunohistochemical method. After primary tumours were surgically
removed, the metastases were given time to develop, thus paralleling the clinical situation. While vimentin was negative in
both primary and secondary tumours, E-cadherin was present as membrane-bound labelling in the primary tumours only. Whereas
the markers p53, MIB1, PCNA and CEA were consistently positive in both primary and metastatic tumours, CD44 variant 6 and
CA125 were negative in metastases but positive in the primary tumours. There was a significant increase in the percentage
of cells labelled for p53 in the primary tumours compared with the metastases. For the proliferation markers, there was no
significant difference in labelling between primary tumours and metastases for MIB1. Of the cytokeratins examined, CK 20 gave
the strongest and most consistent reaction in both primary and secondary tumours. The results indicate that, for certain immunohistochemical
markers, results are the same in both primary tumours and metastases. Hence, in these cases, antigens that are expressed on
the primary tumour as well as on the metastases can serve as target molecules for immunologically based forms of treatment
of metastases.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
43.
A likelihood approach for comparing synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution rates, with application to the chloroplast genome 总被引:29,自引:24,他引:5
A model of DNA sequence evolution applicable to coding regions is
presented. This represents the first evolutionary model that accounts for
dependencies among nucleotides within a codon. The model uses the codon, as
opposed to the nucleotide, as the unit of evolution, and is parameterized
in terms of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution rates. One
of the model's advantages over those used in methods for estimating
synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates is that it completely
corrects for multiple hits at a codon, rather than taking a parsimony
approach and considering only pathways of minimum change between homologous
codons. Likelihood-ratio versions of the relative-rate test are constructed
and applied to data from the complete chloroplast DNA sequences of Oryza
sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Marchantia polymorpha. Results of these
tests confirm previous findings that substitution rates in the chloroplast
genome are subject to both lineage-specific and locus-specific effects.
Additionally, the new tests suggest tha the rate heterogeneity is due
primarily to differences in nonsynonymous substitution rates. Simulations
help confirm previous suggestions that silent sites are saturated, leaving
no evidence of heterogeneity in synonymous substitution rates.
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Virginia W Ogochukwu E Emmanuel N Lindsay J M Bonnie C Jane E Eloka U Benjamin U Obinna O 《Trials》2012,13(1):81
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence of poor adherence by health service personnel to clinical guidelines for malaria following a symptomatic diagnosis. In response to this, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in all settings clinical suspicion of malaria should be confirmed by parasitological diagnosis using microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). The Government of Nigeria plans to introduce RDTs in public health facilities over the coming year. In this context, we will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two interventions designed to support the roll-out of RDTs and improve the rational use of ACTs. It is feared that without supporting interventions, non-adherence will remain a serious impediment to implementing malaria treatment guidelines. Methods/design A three-arm stratified cluster randomized trial is used to compare the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of: (1) provider malaria training intervention versus expected standard practice in malaria diagnosis and treatment; (2) provider malaria training intervention plus schoolbased intervention versus expected standard practice; and (3) the combined provider plus school-based intervention versus provider intervention alone. RDTs will be introduced in all arms of the trial. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients attending facilities that report a fever or suspected malaria and receive treatment according to malaria guidelines. This will be measured by surveying patients (or caregivers) as they exit primary health centers, pharmacies, and patent medicine dealers. Cost-effectiveness will be presented in terms of the primary outcome and a range of secondary outcomes, including changes in provider and community knowledge. Costs will be estimated from both a societal and provider perspective using standard economic evaluation methodologies. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01350752. 相似文献