A study of the mechanisms of probiotic effect of Bacillus subtilis strain 8130

The wild-type Bacillus subtilis strain 8130 secreted metabolites that stimulated two to three times the growth of the test cultures of lactic acid bacteria. It exhibited endoglucanase activity that depended on the composition of nutrient medium. The addition of the product of two-stage culturing of B. subtilis 8130 to the diet of pigs (0.2% of fodder weight) made it possible to increase the daily weight gain by 19% and decrease the consumption of mixed fodder by 10%. Digestion of protein, fat, and other organic compounds increased by 3–4% and cellulose by 12%. It was shown that B. subtilis 8130 is a probiotic with targeted action stimulating digestion (primarily the digestion of cellulose). The enrichment of a dry-beer pellet with the product of solid-phase fermentation by bacillus (1 × 10⁸ cells per gram dry pellet) allowed the pellet to entered into the diet of a calf (6% of the weight of fodder with probiotic), causing additional weight gain by 12% and a 10% economy of fodder consumption.     

Adenylate cyclase activity of the plasma membranes of lung tissue at lengthy periods following non-lethal gamma-irradiation of rats

Basal and stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase (cyclizing ATP-pyrophosphate lyase, E.C. 4.6.1.1., AC) in plasma membranes of pulmonary tissue was being studied during a year after fractionated irradiation of rats (2 GyX3). Basal and hormone-stimulated activity of AC was shown to vary significantly from normal 6 and 12 months after irradiation. The exposed membranes responded differently to AC activation by isoproterenol and F-.     

Mechanisms of the disorder of the hormonal regulation of plasma membrane adenylate cyclase in the rat liver during early ontogeny under in vitro irradiation

Possible reasons for the previously detected inhibitory effect of gamma-radiation (100-1000 Gy in vitro) on isoproterenol-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase (AC) of the liver plasma membranes of a 20-day-old rat fetus were investigated. It was discovered that the number of beta-adrenergic receptors was reduced. Analysis of basal and fluorine-stimulated activities of AC attests to the radiation-induced damage to catalytic and N-regulatory proteins. The radiation-induced derangement of membrane lipids, where AC functions, is shown.     

The effect of weak low-frequency magnetic fields on the intracellular calcium-dependent proteinases of fish

The in vivo and in vitro effects of weak, low-frequency magnetic fields with resonance parameters for calcium ions upon intracellular calcium-dependent proteinases (calpains) in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius (L.)) and roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) were studied. It has been revealed that the impact of a weak lowfrequency magnetic field leads to considerable decrease in the activity of calpains in the fish skeletal muscles and brain.     

Proteinases of kilka <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clupeonella cultriventris</Emphasis> of the Rybinsk Reservoir

The effect of temperature on activity of proteinases of the stomach mucosa, intestinal mucosa, chime, and the entire body of kilka Cluperonella cultriventris is described. Significant differences are revealed in temperature characteristics (t ^o-function, Q ₁₀, and E _act) of the investigated enzymes. The temperature has a larger influence on the activity of intestinal proteinases than the activity of proteinases of the stomach, chime, and the whole kilka organism. The lowest value of E _act within the temperature range of life of this species is characteristic of chime proteinases. Hemoglobinlytic proteinases of various tissues of kilka that substantiate, at pH 3.0 and 5.0 (the action zone of cathespsins), the processes of induced autolysis contribute to efficient alimentation of other fish species. The assumption is made that a high activity level of proteinases of the digestive tract, comparable with that of other fish species of the upper Volga, enables kilka that have assimilated to the Rybinsk Reservoir to feed efficiently within the temperature range characteristic of the water-bodies of this zone.     

Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the rumen microbial community and its components exhibiting high correlation coefficients with the host nutrition, growth, and development

T-RFLP investigation of the microbial community of the ruminal fluid of calves revealed changes in the microbiocenosis resulting from feeding the animals with biofilm-protected Bacillus subtilis cells. In the control animals, which switched from the diary to the vegetable diet, the phylum Firmicutes predominated Firmicutes (55.11 ± 1.97%), in particular the class Clostridia (53.10 ± 2.06%), families Lachnospiraceae (25.93 ± 1.41%) and Clostridiaceae (9.90 ± 1.35%). Members of the phyla Bacteroidetes (11.15 ± 2.88%) and Actinobacteria (9.27 ± 1.95%) were also present. Uncultured forms constituted 17.28 ± 2.01%. The share of bacilli (family Bacillaceae) was below 2% (1.46 ± 0.41%). Introduction of B. subtilis cells into the rumen of experimental animals increased the share of Bacillaceae to 2.80 ± 0.30%. The numbers of Thermoanaerobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Alicyclobacillaceae increased by an order of magnitude. The numbers of Pseudomonadaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and uncultured Bacteroidetes increased twofold. Increased numbers of the rumen bacteria and protozoa, elevated fatty acid content, and higher ammonia emission indicated increased efficiency of digestion. Some families, including the domineering ones, included the members with different directions of the correlation with the indices of rumen digestion. The introduced bacilli stimulated the phylotypes with the positive correlation coefficients and suppressed those with the negative correlation. This, the rumen ecosystem was modified in the direction of improved digestion. The functional role of the members of the microbial community, for which the correlations were negative, weakly associated, or unassociated with the indices of rumen digestion are discussed.     

Activities of proteinases in invertebrate animals—Potential objects of fish nutrition. Effects of temperature,pH, and heavy metals

Differences in the degree of separate and combined effects of temperature, pH, and heavy metals (zinc, copper) on the trypsin-and chymotrypsin-like proteinase activities have been established in the whole body of some invertebrate animals—potential objects of fish nutrition: pond snail Lymnaeae stagnalis, orb snail Planorbarius purpura, zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, oligochaetes Tubifex sp. and Lumbriculus sp. in total, chironomid larvae Chironimus sp. and Ch. riparus, as well as crustacean zooplankton. It has been shown that enzymes of the potential prey at low temperature can compensate the low activity of intestinal proteinases of fish bentho- and planktophages.