短期模拟增温对黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇光响应特征的影响

黄河三角洲滨海湿地地下水位浅,淡咸水交互作用明显,其土壤水盐状况成为影响该地区生态系统关键过程的主要因子。另外,随着气候变暖,黄河三角洲在过去50年(1961—2010年)进入显著升温阶段,温度升高直接或间接影响着植物的光合作用和光响应特征,从而影响黄河三角洲滨海湿地的演变。采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温,分析了增温对黄河三角洲滨海湿地生长季(2015年5月初—2015年10月底)芦苇光响应特征的影响。根据土壤含水量波动情况生长季可分为3个时期,即干旱期、淹水期和湿润期。结果表明,干旱期,10 cm土壤温度升高3.3℃,土壤水分含量升高了9.4%,土壤盐分含量升高了16.7%;盐分增加使芦苇叶片在强光下发生光抑制,并且显著降低最大光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)。淹水期,增温对10 cm土壤温度、湿度和盐分均无显著影响,过饱和的水分状况限制叶片光合速率,使得Pnmax达到最低。湿润期,10 cm土壤温度显著升高3.0℃,土壤含水量升高了2.9%,土壤盐分无显著差异;这一阶段,温度升高促进中强光下芦苇叶片的光合速率;同时叶片Pnmax、Rd和LSP分别增加27.7%、14.9%和23.3%。从整个生长季来看,增温使土壤温度显著升高2.9℃,土壤盐分含量升高7.0%,而对光合参数无显著影响。由此可见,在滨海湿地生态系统中,增温对光合作用的影响受土壤水盐状况的控制。     

Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance,immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of orally administrated Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on performance, immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets. Neonatal piglets (n = 120) were randomly assigned to 4 groups, with 30 suckling piglets in each group. The piglets were from 15 litters, one male and one female piglet were selected for each group in each litter. The Control group was administrated with normal saline, the other groups with L. casei or E. faecalis or a combination of L. casei and E. faecalis at a ratio of 3:1. Each piglet was orally administrated with 1, 2, 3 and 4 ml probiotics or normal saline at the age of 1, 7, 14 and 21 d, respectively. The piglets were weaned at the age of 21 d. The results showed that compared with the Control group, the average daily gain of piglets administrated with probiotics was significantly increased, and the diarrhoea rate and mortality were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). After supplementation of the combined probiotics, the protease activity in stomach, duodenum and colon was increased and in all supplemented groups, the immunoglobulin A concentration in plasma was significantly higher (p < 0.05). The combined probiotics significantly increased villus length and the expression level of transforming growth factor-β in the jejunum (p < 0.05) but decreased the expression level of the jejunal tumour necrosis factor-α (p < 0.05). In addition, probiotics could regulate gut microbiota and increase microbial similarity coefficients for keeping piglet gut microbiota stable.     

Clay nanopaper composites of nacre-like structure based on montmorrilonite and cellulose nanofibers—Improvements due to chitosan addition

Clay nanopaper are nanocomposites with nacre-like structure and multifunctional characteristics including high modulus, significant strength and toughness as well as fire retardancy and low oxygen transmission rate (OTR). Montmorrilonite (MTM) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) hydrocolloids are combined with a chitosan (CS) solution to form high MTM content nanopaper structures by the use of a previously developed papermaking approach. Chitosan functions as flocculation agent and decreases dewatering time to less than 10% compared with MTM-NFC clay nanopaper. The effect of chitosan on the clay nanopaper structure was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Properties were measured by uniaxial tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), OTR and moisture adsorption experiments. A nacre-like multilayered structure was confirmed and the chitosan-clay nanopaper showed favorable mechanical properties at clay contents as high as 44-48 wt%.