Distribution,Host Range and Disease Severity of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on Cucurbits in the Czech Republic

Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a major cucumber disease in the Czech Republic. Disease prevalence, host range and disease severity were evaluated from 2001 to 2009. The geographical distribution of P. cubensis was assessed on ca 80–100 locations per year in two main regions of the Czech Republic (central and southern Moravia, and eastern, northern and central Bohemia). Infection by P. cubensis was observed primarily on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) but only on the leaves. During the study, disease prevalence ranged from 66 to 100%. The majority of C. sativus crops were heavily infected at the end of the growing season (second half of August). Generally, P. cubensis was present at high or very high disease severity. The loss of foliage results in the reduction in the quality and quantity of marketable yield of fruit. Pseudoperonospora cubensis was widespread across the whole area of the Czech Republic studied. Very rarely, infection was recorded in muskmelon (Cucumis melo) and Cucurbita moschata. Of other pathogens, the most frequently recorded was the cucurbit powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthii).     

Notch signaling: simplicity in design, versatility in function

Notch signaling is evolutionarily conserved and operates in many cell types and at various stages during development. Notch signaling must therefore be able to generate appropriate signaling outputs in a variety of cellular contexts. This need for versatility in Notch signaling is in apparent contrast to the simple molecular design of the core pathway. Here, we review recent studies in nematodes, Drosophila and vertebrate systems that begin to shed light on how versatility in Notch signaling output is generated, how signal strength is modulated, and how cross-talk between the Notch pathway and other intracellular signaling systems, such as the Wnt, hypoxia and BMP pathways, contributes to signaling diversity.     

A highly efficient buckypaper-based electrode material for mediatorless laccase-catalyzed dioxygen reduction

The redox enzyme laccase from Trametes versicolor efficiently catalyzes the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in mediatorless biofuel cell cathodes when adsorbed onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In this work we demonstrate that the fabrication of MWCNTs in form of buckypaper (BP) results in an excellent electrode material for laccase-catalyzed cathodes. BPs are mechanically stable, self-entangling mats with high dispersion of MWCNTs resulting in easy to handle homogeneous layers with highly mesoporous structures and excellent electrical conductivities. All biocathodes have been electrochemically investigated in oxygen-saturated buffer at pH 5 by galvanostatic polarization and potentiodynamic linear sweep voltammetry. Both methods confirm an efficient direct interaction of laccase with BP with a high open circuit potential of 0.882 V vs. normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). The high oxygen reduction performance leads to high current densities of 422±71 μA cm(-2) at a typical cathode potential of 0.744 V vs. NHE. When the current density is normalized to the mass of the electrode material (mass activity), the BP-based film electrodes exhibit a 68-fold higher current density at 0.744 V vs. NHE than electrodes fabricated from the same MWCNTs in a non-dispersed agglomerated form as packed electrodes. This clearly shows that MWCNTs can act more efficiently as cathode when prepared in form of BP. This can be attributed to reduced diffusional mass transfer limitations and enhanced electrical conductivity. BP is thus a very promising material for the construction of mediatorless laccase cathodes for ORR in biofuel cells. In addition we demonstrated that these electrodes exhibit a high tolerance towards glucose, the most common bioanode fuel.     

NaCl胁迫条件下木槿嫁接苗和扦插苗及其砧木海滨木槿的生理差异

采用盆栽试验方法,对0(CK)、2、4、6、8和10 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫条件下木槿(Hibiscus syriacus L.)和海滨木槿(H.hamabo Sieb.et Zucc.)扦插苗及木槿嫁接苗(以海滨木槿为砧木)叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及根、茎、叶中的K+和Na+含量,K+/Na+值等生理指标的差异进行了比较分析.结果表明:在不同质量浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,木槿嫁接苗、木槿和海滨木槿扦插苗的各项生理指标均有明显差异.各处理组木槿嫁接苗叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量不但高于对照也均高于木槿和海滨木槿扦插苗;总体上,尽管各处理组3种苗木的叶片相对电导率和MDA含量均高于对照,但木槿扦插苗的叶片相对电导率最高、MDA含量最低;随NaCl质量浓度的提高,各处理组3种苗木叶片的SOD活性均呈现波动的变化趋势,且波动幅度较小.在NaCl胁迫条件下,3种苗木根、茎和叶中的K+含量呈现波动的变化趋势,其中叶中的K+含量均最高;随NaCl胁迫浓度的提高,3种苗木不同器官的Na+含量均不同程度提高且均显著高于对照,而K+/Na+值均呈下降趋势;总体上看,不同处理组海滨木槿扦插苗根和木槿嫁接苗地上部分的K+/Na+值均最大.另外,在10 g·kg-1NaCl胁迫条件下木槿扦插苗植株均未成活.研究结果显示:以海滨木槿为砧木能提高木槿的耐盐性,使木槿嫁接苗的多项生理指标优于其扦插苗.     

马铃薯疮痂病拮抗菌YN-2-2的分离与鉴定

【背景】近年来,疮痂病在全国马铃薯各主要产区普遍发生,危害呈逐年加重趋势,有效防控手段匮乏,给种植者造成严重的经济损失。利用拮抗微生物抑制病原菌繁殖,降低其危害程度,已成为马铃薯植保领域的研究热点。【目的】筛选对疮痂病原菌具有拮抗作用的菌株,为研制高效复合功能菌剂、有效防控马铃薯疮痂病提供菌种资源。【方法】从疮痂病发生严重的云南昭通马铃薯大田采集近根际土壤,分离、筛选代谢产物具有明显拮抗效果的菌株,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征分析和16SrRNA基因序列测定等方法进行菌种鉴定,并对其代谢产物的稳定性和抑菌效果进行分析。【结果】获得一株拮抗效果明显的细菌YN-2-2,其菌落圆形,淡黄色,边缘整齐、光滑、干燥,中间有凹陷,菌体杆状,大小为(2.51-4.09)μm×(1.09-1.68)μm,革兰氏染色阳性,16SrRNA基因序列与Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792T (ACNF01000156)的相似性达到99.79%。YN-2-2的代谢产物热稳定性较好,pH耐受范围广(3.0-13.0),对蛋白酶K敏感度较低,对疮痂链霉菌的抑菌圈直径最大为22.8 mm。盆栽试验结果表明:浇施100 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的培养液,可显著降低马铃薯微型薯疮痂病病情指数,防效达36.11%。【结论】菌株YN-2-2经鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),可以作为高效复合功能菌剂的候选菌株。     

腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同止血方法对卵巢良性囊肿患者卵巢功能、应激反应以及T细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同止血方法对卵巢良性囊肿患者应激反应、卵巢功能以及T细胞亚群的影响。方法:选取我院于2017年1月~2019年1月间接收的80例卵巢良性囊肿患者,根据随机数字表法分为A组(n=40)和B组(n=40)A组患者术中采用双极电凝止血,B组患者术中采用缝合止血,比较两组患者卵巢功能[卵泡刺激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)以及黄体生成素(LH)]、应激反应[促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)以及皮质醇(Cor)]、T细胞亚群及并发症发生率。结果:两组患者术后3个月FSH、LH均升高,但B组低于A组(P<0.05);E2降低,但B组高于A组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后3个月ACTH、NE、Cor均升高,但B组低于A组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后3个月CD3⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD4⁺均降低但B组高于A组(P<0.05);CD8⁺升高,但B组低于A组(P<0.05)。两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与双极电凝止血相比,腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中采用缝合止血可减轻卵巢功能损害,降低应激反应,减轻免疫抑制,且不增加并发症发生率。     

尾叶桉与窿缘组树种间杂交种的生长特征

选定组配树种对桉树杂交种的特性起决定作用,但不同种间杂交种的生长表现常常不容易预测。为掌握华南地区桉树重要树种间杂交种的生长特征,促进桉树杂交育种的精准化,该文以父本为混合花粉的人工杂交种为遗传材料,以尾叶桉×巨桉为对照,进行了尾叶桉与桉树窿缘组树种(布拉斯桉、细叶桉、钝盖赤桉、昆北赤桉)的4种组配杂交种的生长特征研究。结果表明:在材积生长量上,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种低于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其内部树种间差异显著(P0.05),其中尾叶桉×昆北赤桉具有显著优势;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的树高、胸径均显著小于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其高径比显著大于尾叶桉×巨桉(P0.05);尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种具有高的和一致的保存率,且在不同组配间、家系间(组配内)均无显著差异,5年生值为84.4%～89.6%;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的5年生材积的平均变异系数约为64%,组配间、家系间差异大,都大于尾叶桉×巨桉。尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的速生性、树形等与尾叶桉×巨桉间存在显著差异,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的组配、家系间具有显著的生长差异,可为桉树遗传改良提供丰富的多样性。     

桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段种间联结研究

为揭示桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落自然恢复过程中不同阶段主要物种种间相互作用变化规律,该文采用空间代替时间的方法,通过多物种间的总体关联显著性检验、χ2统计量分析和Spearman秩相关检验对桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要物种进行种间联结分析。结果表明:(1)在灌木阶段,主要物种种间关系呈不显著负相关;在乔灌阶段,乔木层主要物种种间呈不显著负相关,灌木层主要物种种间呈不显著正相关;在小乔林阶段,乔木层和灌木层主要物种种间均呈不显著正相关。随着檵木群落的自然恢复,乔木层和灌木层正联结种对所占比例均呈上升的趋势,但这种正联结关系发展缓慢。(2)χ2统计量分析与Spearman秩相关系数检验均表明,檵木群落不同恢复阶段的乔木层和灌木层大部分物种种对间均未达到显著相关,种间联结较为松散,各个物种独立性较强。上述结果表明所研究的檵木群落3个阶段还是处于群落发展的相对较低的阶段。     

The identity of the Neotropical stingless bee Frieseomelitta meadewaldoi (Cockerell, 1915) (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

A new study of a surviving syntype of Trigona meadewaldoi Cockerell, 1915, was undertaken and several widely employed names for Neotropical stingless bees recognized as junior synonyms. A lectotype is designated for Trigona meadewaldoi and the following new synonymies established: Tetragona francoi Moure, 1946, and Trigona (Frieseomelitta) freiremaiai Moure, 1963. These nomenclatural matters are here settled and the species thoroughly characterized in advance of a forthcoming phylogenetic consideration of the genus Frieseomelitta von Ihering, 1912.