Expression of glucoamylase gene usingSUC2 promoter inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The cloning of glucoamylase geneSTA using theSUC2 promoter intoSaccharomyces cerevisiae was performed. The signal sequence ofSTA gene was used for the secretion of glucoamylase protein. The plasmid constructed in this way was named YEpSUCSTA and its expression was identified. The expression of YEpSUCSTA was repressed in the presence of glucose in growth medium, but derepressed when glucose became depleted. YEpSUCSTA showed the similar efficiency of glucoamylase secretion as YEpSTA-F which has the entireSTA gene. Glucoamylase activity in starch-glucose medium was largely increased because cell mass and plasmid stability were high in biosynthesis phase compared to extracellular glucoamylase activities in media which starch or glucose was the only carbon source.     

Precursor proteins in transit through mitochondrial contact sites interact with hsp70 in the matrix

We previously reported that hsp70 in the mitochondrial matrix (mt-hsp 70 = Ssclp) is required for import of precursor proteins destined for the matrix or intermembrane space. Here we show that mt-hsp70 is also needed for the import of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. In particular, the precursor of ADP/ATP carrier that is known not to interact with hsp60 on its assembly pathway requires functional mt-hsp70 for import, suggesting a general role of mt-hsp70 in membrane translocation of precursors. Moreover, a precursor arrested in contact sites was specifically co-precipitated with antibodies directed against mt-hsp70. We conclude that mt-hsp70 is directly involved in the translocation of many, if not all, precursor proteins that are transported across the inner membrane.     

Cytochrome c peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide: ionic strength dependence of the steady-state rate parameters

The steady-state kinetics of the cytochrome c peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of horse heart ferrocytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide have been studied at both pH 7.0 and pH 7.5 as a function of ionic strength. Plots of the initial velocity versus hydrogen peroxide concentration at fixed cytochrome c are hyperbolic. The limiting slope at low hydrogen peroxide give apparent bimolecular rate constants for the cytochrome c peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide reaction identical with those determined directly by stopped-flow techniques. Plots of the initial velocity versus cytochrome c concentration at saturating hydrogen peroxide (200 microM) are nonhyperbolic. The rate expression requires squared terms in cytochrome c concentration. The maximum turnover rate of the enzyme is independent of ionic strength, with values of 470 +/- 50 s-1 and 290 +/- 30 s-1 at pH 7.0 and 7.5, respectively. The limiting slope of velocity versus cytochrome c concentration plots provides a lower limit for the association rate constant between cytochrome c and the oxidized intermediates of cytochrome c peroxidase. The limiting slope varies from 10(6) M-1 s-1 at 300 mM ionic strength to 10(8) M-1 s-1 at 20 mM ionic strength and extrapolates to 5 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 at zero ionic strength. The data are discussed in terms of both a two-binding-site mechanism and a single-binding-site, multiple-pathway mechanism.     

Effect of heating on properties of some soils from Southern Nigeria and growth of rice

Summary The effect of heating on the properties of Apomu (Psammentic Usthorthent), Egbeda (Oxic Paleustalf) and Gambari (Typic Plinthustalf) surface soils were studied under laboratory conditions. Heating at low temperatures (100°C) have no detrimental effects on soil properties, on the contrary it increased the soil extractable P, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn levels. Pronounced reductions in total N, Org. C, Org. P and extractable Ca and Mg levels and marked increases in extractable P, Zn, Mn and Fe were observed by heating to 200°C. Heating to 500° had an adverse effect on soil chemical and physical properties.Plant height and dry matter yeild of rice plants were higher when grown on Egbeda soil previously heated to 100°C. With addition of N, P and K there was no observed beneficial effect of the heating treatment. Rice plants grown on Egbeda soil previously heated to 200°C showed high uptake of Mn. Plants grew badly in soil previously heated to 500°C.     

The 10 kb Drosophila virilis 28S rDNA intervening sequence is flanked by a direct repeat of 14 base pairs of coding sequence

Most repeat units of rDNA in Drosophila virilis are interrupted in the 28S rRNA coding region by an intervening sequence about 10 kb in length; uninterrupted repeats have a length of about 11 kb. We have sequenced the coding/intervening sequence junctions and flanking regions in two independent clones of interrupted rDNA, and the corresponding 28S rRNA coding region in a clone of uninterrupted rDNA. The intervening sequence is terminated at both ends by a direct repeat of a fourteen nucleotide sequence that is present once in the corresponding region of an intact gene. This is a phenomenon associated with transposable elements in other eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, and the Drosophila rDNA intervening sequence is discussed in this context. We have compared more than 200 nucleotides of the D. virilis 28S rRNA gene with sequences of homologous regions of rDNA in Tetrahymena pigmentosa (Wild and Sommer, 1980) and Xenopus laevis (Gourse and Gerbi, 1980): There is 93% sequence homology among the diverse species, so that the rDNA region in question (about two-thirds of the way into the 28S rRNA coding sequence) has been very highly conserved in eukaryote evolution. The intervening sequence in T. pigmentosa is at a site 79 nucleotides upstream from the insertion site of the Drosophila intervening sequence.     

Collagen synthesis by regenerating rabbit ear tissue

The principal collagen types synthesized during two distinct phases of regeneration in rabbit ears have been investigated, in order to relate altered phenotypic expression in connective tissue cells to regeneration of cartilage. To do this, radioactively labeled collagens synthesized in short-term culture by selected regenerating ear tissues were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-gel electrophoresis of the intact collagens and of the cyanogen bromide peptides derived from them. Prior to the appearance of cartilage, rabbit ear holes are filled by an outgrowth of mesenchyme-like cells derived locally from adjacent tissues. These cells produce a mixture of collagens including type I, [α1(I)]₂α2, and the type I trimer, [α1(I)]₃, but not type II collagen. Trimer production represents about one-fourth of the collagen synthesized in either a 4-, 10-, or a 24-hr incubation. Trimer is not made by tissues from healing skin wounds nor is it present in normal, uninjured ear tissues. Type II collagen synthesis was detected in tissues taken from late regenerates containing histologically recognizable cartilage, and direct analysis of regenerated cartilage confirmed the presence of type II collagen in the matrix. Thus, regenerated cartilage in the rabbit ear system contains the normal cartilage collagen, type II, while the proliferating cell mass from which the cartilage develops synthesizes the unusual collagen, [α1(I)]₃.     

Studies on glycosaminoglycans of regenerating rabbit ear cartilage

Cartilage regeneration in the adult rabbit ear was examined with respect to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis at various stages of the regeneration process. Increased hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate synthesis was first seen 31 days after wounding, when a metachromatic cartilage matrix could be distinguished from blastemal cells. Analysis of cartilage and the overlying skin separately showed that 90% of the labeled chondroitin sulfate was found in the cartilage being regenerated. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of GAG preparations from 35-day regenerating cartilages showed hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate peaks eluting in the same position as those isolated from normal cartilages. The identity of the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate peaks was confirmed by their susceptibility to Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC, respectively. Although the degree of sulfation in normal and regenerated cartilages was similar, the ratio of chondroitin 6-sulfate to chondroitin 4-sulfate was increased in regenerated cartilages. GAG preparations from unlabeled cartilages were digested with chondroitinase ABC and the disaccharide digestive products were identified and quantitiated. Normal cartilage had a $\text{Δ}\text{Di-6S}\text{Δ}\text{Di-4S}$ ratio of 0.27; the same ratio for the regenerated cartilage was 1.58.     

Electron paramagnetic and electron nuclear double resonance of the hydrogen peroxide compound of cytochrome c peroxidase

We have collected electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra from the hydrogen peroxide compound of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase, termed ES, employing EPR microwave frequencies of 9.6 and 11.6 GHz. We have measured and analyzed the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) of the paramagnetic center of ES over the temperature range 1.9 to 4 K. In addition, an upper bound to exchange coupling between the ferryl heme and EPR-visible centers of ES has been calculated and expressions for the dipolar interaction between a ferryl heme and a free radical have been derived. These results all confirm that the EPR signal of ES is not associated with an aromatic amino acid radical, and in particular not with a tryptophanyl radical. This conclusion has led us to consider an explanation of the EPR signal in terms of a nucleophilically stabilized methionyl radical.     

Measurement of membrane potentials (ψ) of erythrocytes and white adipocytes by the accumulation of triphenylmethylphosphonium cation

Summary The accumulation of the lipophilic cation, triphenylmethylphosphonium, has been employed to determine the resting membrane potential in human erythrocytes, turkey erythrocytes, and rat white adipocytes. The triphenylmethylphosphonium cation equilibrates rapidly in human erythrocytes in the presence of low concentrations of the hydrophobic anion, tetraphenylborate. Tetraphenylborate does not accelerate the uptake of triphenylmethylphosphonium ion by adipocytes. The cell associatedvs. extracellular distribution of the triphenylmethylphosphonium ion is proportional to changes in membrane potential. The distribution of this ion reflects the membrane potential determining concentration of the ion with dominant permeability in a Nernst fashion. The resting membrane potentials for the human erythrocyte, turkey erythrocyte, and rat white adipocyte were found to be –8.4±1.3, –16.8±1.1, and –58.3±5.0 mV, respectively, values which compare favorably with values obtained by other methods. In addition, changes in membrane potential can be assessed by following triphenylmethylphosphonium uptake without determining the intracellular water space. The method has been successfully applied to a study of hormonally induced changes in membrane potential of rat white adipocytes.