全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2448篇 |
免费 | 211篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 17篇 |
2021年 | 49篇 |
2020年 | 17篇 |
2019年 | 20篇 |
2018年 | 32篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 76篇 |
2015年 | 116篇 |
2014年 | 130篇 |
2013年 | 144篇 |
2012年 | 218篇 |
2011年 | 205篇 |
2010年 | 151篇 |
2009年 | 131篇 |
2008年 | 141篇 |
2007年 | 156篇 |
2006年 | 136篇 |
2005年 | 123篇 |
2004年 | 147篇 |
2003年 | 124篇 |
2002年 | 128篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 39篇 |
1997年 | 23篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 22篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2659条查询结果,搜索用时 209 毫秒
991.
Fischer U Keller A Leidinger P Deutscher S Heisel S Urbschat S Lenhof HP Meese E 《Molecular cancer research : MCR》2008,6(4):576-584
To further understand the biological significance of amplifications for glioma development and recurrencies, we characterized amplicon frequency and size in low-grade glioma and amplicon stability in vivo in recurring glioblastoma. We developed a 12q13-21 amplicon-specific genomic microarray and a bioinformatics amplification prediction tool to analyze amplicon frequency, size, and maintenance in 40 glioma samples including 16 glioblastoma, 10 anaplastic astrocytoma, 7 astrocytoma WHO grade 2, and 7 pilocytic astrocytoma. Whereas previous studies reported two amplified subregions, we found a more complex situation with many amplified subregions. Analyzing 40 glioma, we found that all analyzed glioblastoma and the majority of pilocytic astrocytoma, grade 2 astrocytoma, and anaplastic astrocytoma showed at least one amplified subregion, indicating a much higher amplification frequency than previously suggested. Amplifications in low-grade glioma were smaller in size and displayed clearly different distribution patterns than amplifications in glioblastoma. One glioblastoma and its recurrencies revealed an amplified subregion of 5 Mb that was stable for 6 years. Expression analysis of the amplified region revealed 10 overexpressed genes (i.e., KUB3, CTDSP2, CDK4, OS-9, DCTN2, RAB3IP, FRS2, GAS41, MDM2, and RAP1B) that were consistently overexpressed in all cases that carried this amplification. Our data indicate that amplifications on 12q13-21 (a) are more frequent than previously thought and present in low-grade tumors and (b) are maintained as extended regions over long periods of time. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
Christian Brümmer Nicolas Brüggemann Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Ulrike Falk Jörg Szarzynski Konrad Vielhauer Reiner Wassmann Hans Papen 《Ecosystems》2008,11(4):582-600
In a combined field and laboratory study in the southwest of Burkina Faso, we quantified soil-atmosphere N2O and NO exchange. N2O emissions were measured during two field campaigns throughout the growing seasons 2005 and 2006 at five different experimental
sites, that is, a natural savanna site and four agricultural sites planted with sorghum (n = 2), cotton and peanut. The agricultural fields were not irrigated and not fertilized. Although N2O exchange mostly fluctuated between −2 and 8 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1, peak N2O emissions of 10–35 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 during the second half of June 2005, and up to 150 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the onset of the rainy season 2006, were observed at the native savanna site, whereas the effect of the first rain event
on N2O emissions at the crop sites was low or even not detectable. Additionally, a fertilizer experiment was conducted at a sorghum
field that was divided into three plots receiving different amounts of N fertilizer (plot A: 140 kg N ha−1; plot B: 52.5 kg N ha−1; plot C: control). During the first 3 weeks after fertilization, only a minor increase in N2O emissions at the two fertilized plots was detected. After 24 days, however, N2O emission rates increased exponentially at plot A up to a mean of 80 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1, whereas daily mean values at plot B reached only 19 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1, whereas N2O flux rates at plot C remained unchanged. The calculated annual N2O emission of the nature reserve site amounted to 0.52 kg N2O–N ha−1 a−1 in 2005 and to 0.67 kg N2O–N ha−1 a−1 in 2006, whereas the calculated average annual N2O release of the crop sites was only 0.19 kg N2O–N ha−1 a−1 and 0.20 kg N2O–N ha−1 a−1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively. In a laboratory study, potential N2O and NO formation under different soil moisture regimes were determined. Single wetting of dry soil to medium soil water
content with subsequent drying caused the highest increase in N2O and NO emissions with maximum fluxes occurring 1 day after wetting. The stimulating effect lasted for 3–4 days. A weaker
stimulation of N2O and NO fluxes was detected during daily wetting of soil to medium water content, whereas no significant stimulating effect
of single or daily wetting to high soil water content (>67% WHCmax) was observed. This study demonstrates that the impact of land-use change in West African savanna on N trace gas emissions
is smaller—with the caveat that there could have been potentially higher N2O and NO emissions during the initial conversion—than the effect of timing and distribution of rainfall and of the likely
increase in nitrogen fertilization in the future. 相似文献
995.
During nuclear export, Gle1 (the nuclear-pore-associated mRNA export factor) activates the DEAD-box protein Dbp5 to remodel exported mRNA-protein complexes on the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex. In this issue, Bolger et al. (2008) now report additional roles for Gle1 in translation initiation and termination. 相似文献
996.
Ecophysiological investigations on the salinity acclimation of the cyanobacterium Prochlorothrix hollandica SAG 10.89 led to significantly revised salinity tolerance limits. Besides potential effects of cultivation techniques, clear
ion composition effects mainly explain formerly described hypersensitivity to NaCl-mediated salinity and lack of osmolyte
detection. An extraordinarily broad plasticity of cellular chlorophyll a/b ratios occurred with variations of NaCl-induced salinity. Photosynthesis characteristics, pigment regulation, respiration,
and biomass yield in growth medium with field-like ion composition indicated generally reduced acclimation pressure. A simultaneously
significant increase in osmolyte (sucrose) accumulation indicated more efficient osmotic acclimation. Minor growth inhibition
up to salinities of 10 practical salinity units enlarged the potential habitat of P. hollandica but at the most to about 300,000 km2 in the Baltic Sea. This supports probable observations of Prochlorothrix sp. in phytoplankton assemblages of open waters in Baltic Sea-monitoring studies. Brackish habitats differ from so far known
habitats of Prochlorothrix spp. in turbidity, productivity, and plankton composition. Adjusted physiological features dispel fundamental doubts on the
establishment of filamentous prochlorophytes in brackish waters. 相似文献
997.
In microcosm experiments, we simultaneously tested the effects of increased numbers of deposit-feeding macrofauna (chironomids, oligochaetes and cladocerans) on the standing stock, activities and interactions of heterotrophic bacteria, viruses, and bacterivorous protozoa (heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) in the aerobic layer of a silty littoral freshwater sediment. On average, bacterial secondary production was stimulated between 11 and 29% by all macrofaunal groups compared to control experiments without macrofauna addition. Bacterial standing stock increased significantly by 8 and 13% in case of chironomids and cladocerans, respectively. Oligochaetes and chironomids produced significant negative effects on viral abundance while the results with cladocerans were inconsistent. The addition of oligochaetes and chironomids resulted in a significant decrease by on average 68 and 32% of viral decay rates, respectively, used as a measure of viral production. The calculated contribution of virus-induced lysis to benthic bacterial mortality was low, with 2.8 to 11.8% of bacterial secondary production, and decreased by 39 to 81% after the addition of macrofauna compared to the control. The abundances of heterotrophic nanoflagellates were significantly reduced by 20% by all tested macrofauna groups, while ciliates showed inconsistent results. The importance of heterotrophic nanoflagellate grazing on benthic bacteria was very low (<1% of bacterial secondary production) and was further reduced by elevated numbers of macrofauna. Thus, the selected deposit feeding macrofauna groups seem to have several direct and indirect and partly antagonistic effects on the benthic bacterial compartment through the enhancement of bacterial production and the reduction of virus-induced cell lysis and protozoan grazing. 相似文献
998.
Markert A Steffan N Ploss K Hellwig S Steiner U Drewke C Li SM Boland W Leistner E 《Plant physiology》2008,147(1):296-305
Ergoline alkaloids occur in taxonomically unrelated taxa, such as fungi, belonging to the phylum Ascomycetes and higher plants of the family Convolvulaceae. The disjointed occurrence can be explained by the observation that plant-associated epibiotic clavicipitalean fungi capable of synthesizing ergoline alkaloids colonize the adaxial leaf surface of certain Convolvulaceae plant species. The fungi are seed transmitted. Their capacity to synthesize ergoline alkaloids depends on the presence of an intact differentiated host plant (e.g. Ipomoea asarifolia or Turbina corymbosa [Convolvulaceae]). Here, we present independent proof that these fungi are equipped with genetic material responsible for ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis. The gene (dmaW) for the determinant step in ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis was shown to be part of a cluster involved in ergoline alkaloid formation. The dmaW gene was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the encoded DmaW protein purified to homogeneity, and characterized. Neither the gene nor the biosynthetic capacity, however, was detectable in the intact I. asarifolia or the taxonomically related T. corymbosa host plants. Both plants, however, contained the ergoline alkaloids almost exclusively, whereas alkaloids are not detectable in the associated epibiotic fungi. This indicates that a transport system may exist translocating the alkaloids from the epibiotic fungus into the plant. The association between the fungus and the plant very likely is a symbiotum in which ergoline alkaloids play an essential role. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Doris Heinrich Simon Youssef Britta Schroth-Diez Ulrike Engel Daniel Aydin Jacques Blümmel Joachim P Spatz Günther Gerisch 《Cell Adhesion & Migration》2008,2(2):58-68
The spreading of motile cells on a substrate surface is accompanied by reorganization of their actin network. We show that spreading in the highly motile cells of Dictyostelium is non-monotonic, and thus differs from the passage of spreading cells through a regular series of stages. Quantification of the gain and loss of contact area revealed fluctuating forces of protrusion and retraction that dominate the interaction of Dictyostelium cells with a substrate. The molecular basis of these fluctuations is elucidated by dual-fluorescence labeling of filamentous actin together with proteins that highlight specific activities in the actin system. Front-to-tail polarity is established by the sorting out of myosin-II from regions where dense actin assemblies are accumulating. Myosin-IB identifies protruding front regions, and the Arp2/3 complex localizes to lamellipodia protruded from the fronts. Coronin is used as a sensitive indicator of actin disassembly to visualize the delicate balance of polymerization and depolymerization in spreading cells. Short-lived actin patches that co-localize with clathrin suggest that membrane internalization occurs even when the substrate-attached cell surface expands. We conclude that non-monotonic cell spreading is characterized by spatiotemporal patterns formed by motor proteins together with regulatory proteins that either promote or terminate actin polymerization on the scale of seconds.Key words: actin cytoskeleton, Arp 2/3 complex, cell adhesion, cell spreading, Coronin, Dictyostelium, myosin, self-organization, clathrin 相似文献