Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of major histocompatibility complex class IV (B-G) genotypes in meat-type chickens

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used as a molecular genotyping approach to characterize differences in major histocompatibility complex class IV genes in meat-type chickens. A high level of polymorphism was observed following digestion with each of the two restriction endonucleases PvuII and BglII. Examination of DNA from 54 chickens revealed 23 polymorphic fragments. Application of RFLP techniques in the analysis of family groups should make possible the determination of B-G genotypes in the meat type chickens.     

Calculation of the Second-Order Polarizability of a Warm Magnetized Plasma

An analysis is made of the general expression for the density of a nonlinear charge induced in a magnetized plasma in the interaction between two arbitrary waves. Asymptotic expressions for the nonlinear induced charge density are derived for the first time in the case where both of the interacting waves are short-scale.     

Probing the substrate specificity of the intracellular brain platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase.

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique PLA2s which hydrolyze the sn-2 ester linkage in PAF-like phospholipids with a marked preference for very short acyl chains, typically acetyl. The recent solution of the crystal structure of the alpha(1) catalytic subunit of isoform Ib of bovine brain intracellular PAF-AH at 1.7 A resolution paved the way for a detailed examination of the molecular basis of substrate specificity in this enzyme. The crystal structure suggests that the side chains of Thr103, Leu48 and Leu194 are involved in substrate recognition. Three single site mutants (L48A, T103S and L194A) were overexpressed and their structures were solved to 2.3 A resolution or better by X-ray diffraction methods. Enzyme kinetics showed that, compared with wild-type protein, all three mutants have higher relative activity against phospholipids with sn-2 acyl chains longer than an acetyl. However, for each of the mutants we observed an unexpected and substantial reduction in the V(max) of the reaction. These results are consistent with the model in which residues Leu48, Thr103 and Leu194 indeed contribute to substrate specificity and in addition suggest that the integrity of the specificity pocket is critical for the expression of full catalytic function, thus conferring very high substrate selectivity on the enzyme.     

Nisin stimulates oxygen consumption by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Nisin stimulated oxygen consumption by nongrowing, glucose-metabolizing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cells, indicating a protonophore mode of action. A similar stimulation in E. coli cells osmotically stressed to disrupt the outer cell membrane confirmed the cytoplasmic membrane as the site of nisin action and showed that nisin uptake was not prevented by the outer membrane.     

The development of the epidemic process and the formation of humoral immunity to the hepatitis A virus in adolescent collectives

Additional observation on the formation of humoral immunity to hepatitis A virus has been carried out in 2,375 adolescents aged 15-17 years and belonging to 12 groups at 3 areas of the USSR. This observation has shown that in the presence of a high level of the immune stratum the spread of infection occurs, as a rule, outside the group under observation. Besides, as revealed in this study, the risk of seroconversion and the loss of specific antibodies are, respectively, directly and inversely related to the level of the immune stratum in the group. The level of the immune stratum in a given age group supposedly reflects the intensity of the development of the epidemic process at a definite area.     

Occurrence of two structural types of mercury reductases among Gram-positive bacteria

Structural variants of mercury reductase containing the N-terminal domain, which is easily cleaved by trypsin, have been found in Gram-positive bacteria with a low genomic G + C content (Bacillus, Staphylococcus and, possibly, some other genera). Mercury reductases without the N-terminal domain and relatively resistant to limited proteolysis are typical for Gram-positive bacteria with a high genomic G + C content (Arthrobacter, Citreobacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus). Both types of mercury reductase genes may be located on plasmids.     

Association of the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase with a human thyroid RII-anchoring protein. Cloning and characterization of the RII-binding domain.

The type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is localized to specific subcellular environments through binding of the dimeric regulatory subunit (RII) to anchoring proteins. Subcellular localization is likely to influence which substrates are most accessible to the catalytic subunit upon activation. We have previously shown that the RII-binding domains of four anchoring proteins contain sequences which exhibit a high probability of amphipathic helix formation (Carr, D. W., Stofko-Hahn, R. E., Fraser, I. D. C., Bishop, S. M., Acott, T. E., Brennan, R. G., and Scott J. D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14188-14192). In the present study we describe the cloning of a cDNA which encodes a 1015-amino acid segment of Ht 31. A synthetic peptide (Asp-Leu-Ile-Glu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ser-Arg-Ile-Val-Asp-Ala-Val-Ile-Glu-Gln-Val -Lys-Ala-Ala-Tyr) representing residues 493-515 encompasses the minimum region of Ht 31 required for RII binding and blocks anchoring protein interaction with RII as detected by band-shift analysis. Structural analysis by circular dichroism suggests that this peptide can adopt an alpha-helical conformation. Both Ht 31 (493-515) peptide and its parent protein bind RII alpha or the type II PKA holoenzyme with high affinity. Equilibrium dialysis was used to calculate dissociation constants of 4.0 and 3.8 nM for Ht 31 peptide interaction with RII alpha and the type II PKA, respectively. A survey of nine different bovine tissues was conducted to identify RII binding proteins. Several bands were detected in each tissues using a 32P-RII overlay method. Addition of 0.4 microM Ht 31 (493-515) peptide to the reaction mixture blocked all RII binding. These data suggest that all anchoring proteins bind RII alpha at the same site as the Ht 31 peptide. The nanomolar affinity constant and the different patterns of RII-anchoring proteins in each tissue suggest that the type II alpha PKA holoenzyme may be specifically targeted to different locations in each type of cell.