Long-term chromium picolinate supplementation improves colostrum profile of Santa Ines ewe

Biological Trace Element Research - Chromium (Cr) is a micromineral that is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, ammonia, and nucleic acids; thus, its supplementation can influence...     

American eels produce and release bile acid profiles that vary across life stage

The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is an imperilled fish hypothesized to use conspecific cues, in part, to coordinate long-distance migration during their multistage life history. Here, holding water and tissue from multiple American eel life stages was collected and analysed for the presence, profile and concentration of bile acids. Distinct bile acid profiles were identified in glass, elver, yellow eel and silver eel holding waters using ultraperformance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid and taurocholic acid were detected in whole tissue of American glass eels and elvers, and in liver, intestine and gallbladder samples of late-stage yellow eels. Bile acids were not a major component of silver eel washings or tissue. This study is novel because little was previously known about bile acids produced and emitted into the environment by American eels. Future behavioural studies could evaluate whether any bile acids produced by American eels influence conspecific migratory behaviour.     

Azetidines and spiro azetidines as novel P2 units in hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors

Herein, we report the synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of new analogs of boceprevir 1 and telaprevir 2. Introduction of azetidine and spiroazetidines as a P2 substituent that replaced the pyrrolidine moiety of 1 and 2 led to the discovery of a potent hepatitis C protease inhibitor 37c (EC₅₀ = 0.8 μM).