Absence of direct action of insulin on metabolism of the isolated perfused rat brain

The ability of insulin to influence directly the metabolism of the mammalian brain has been evaluated with an isolated, perfused rat brain preparation. Insulin was added to the perfusion fluid or was injected into the rat from which the isolated brain preparation was subsequently made. The spontaneous electrical activity of the brain, the rate of cerebral glucose consumption and the rate of efflux of K⁺ from the brain were not affected by insulin. We conclude that insulin either does not act directly on the brain or that its action is very small and/or very slow in comparison with its action on other tissues. We suggest that the effects on brain metabolism reported to occur after administering insulin and glucose to the intact animal may be secondary to the large stimulation of the metabolism of the liver and/or other organs.     

A genetic and biochemical study of streptomycin- and spectinomycin-resistance in Salmonella typhimurium

Summary In Salmonella typhimurium, streptomycin resistance can occur by mutation at the strA or the strB mutants have altered ribosomes which are refractory to the drug in cell-free amino acid incorporation systems, and in ³H-dihydrostreptomycin binding studies. StrB mutants, unlike the strA mutants, are resistant to several aminoglycoside antibiotics and resistance is not due to a mutational change in the cell's protein synthetic machinery. Spectinomycin resistant mutants of S. typhimurium also fall into two classes, only one of which is ribosomal in mechanism. The spcA and spcB loci are closely linked to strA, aroC, and argG on the S. typhimurium linkage map.     

Cellular Studies of X-Ray Induced Inhibition of Lens Regeneration

Whole-body X-irradiation of adult newts 0 to 3 days after lentectomy inhibits transformation of the dorsal iris epithelium into a lens in all cases. The first question raised was whether irradiation affects infiltration of the iris area by macrophages, and the phagocytic activities of these cell types in the iris epithelium (prominent phenomena in this system). The number of macrophages infiltrating into the iris epithelium, and their phagocytic activities (indicated by uptake of melanosomes) were not affected by irradiation under those conditions. The second group of experiments concerns the possible effects of irradiation on DNA replication of iris epithelial cells, which become transformed into lens cells in the non-irradiated system. Autoradiographic studies of iris epithelial cells in vivo revealed a significant suppressive effect of irradiation on the frequencies of cells incorporating ³H-thymidine 7 and 14 days after lentectomy. When autoradiography was applied to the primary pure culture of iris epithelial cells at different time intervals after the start of culture and irradiation in vitro , significant and persistent reduction of cell labelling due to irradiation, was demonstrated. Multiplication of spread cells in the iris epithelial culture was strongly and persistently inhibited throughout a period of 2 months. Inhibition of cell labelling and of cell multiplication was always accompanied by reduction in the extent of de-pigmentation of iris epithelial cells. De-pigmentation is one of the requirements for the cells become transformed into lens cells. The possible mechanism of radiation-induced inhibition of lens regeneration is discussed.     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of human ejaculate spermatozoa with special reference to their abnormal forms

Summary Spermatozoa from fertile and infertile human ejaculates were observed under the scanning electron microscope. A parallel study of sections was performed by transmission electron microscope.The normal head shows under the scanning electron microscope vesicular elevations in the region of the acrosome and a smooth and rigid appearance corresponding to the postnuclear cap whose occurrence is confirmed under the transmission electron microscope. Immediately anterior to this cap a shallow furrow transverses the head. Duplicated, unusually large or small and deformed heads are found under the scanning electron microscope. Most of these abnormal heads show no surface structure suggesting an acrosome.The neck and middle piece are occasionally, though frequently in abnormal spermatozoa, covered by a cytoplasmic droplet. Otherwise, the mitochondrial sheath is recognized under the scanning electron microscope as a beaded thickening in the middle piece. The lack of mitochondria is manifested by a smooth middle piece thinner than the principal portion. Transmission electron microscopy of sections reveals various types of anomalies in the number of cores, core filaments and mitochondria embedded in the cytoplasmic droplets.Abnormalities in the principal portion of the tail such as duplication, unusual thickness and length are shown under the scanning electron microscope.The investigation indicates that scanning electron microscopy is suited for the clinical as well as cytological examination of human ejaculate spermatozoa.     

Clinical Use of a New Mitral Disc Valve

A disc valve of new design was used successfully for the replacement of the mitral valve in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. This valve would appear to have the following advantages over the mitral ball valve prosthesis:• Lower left atrial pressure after replacement.• Elimination of the hazard of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with mitral valve replacement.• Decreased incidence of thromboembolization.• Abolition of possibility of ventricular septal irritation.Despite the better outlook for this valve compared with the ball valve for mitral valve substitution, the mitral valve should always be repaired whenever feasible. Repair is possible in the majority of patients.