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Jessica C. Njoku Dalal Gumeel Elizabeth D. Hermsen 《Current fungal infection reports》2010,4(2):62-69
Antifungal therapy during pregnancy and lactation is challenging because of a lack of data on efficacy and safety, coupled
with reports of teratogenicity. Although the Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category provides guidance regarding a
drug’s potential fetal risks, limitations such as lack of a specific toxic dose or predisposing pregnancy trimester thwart
its application. Central to the selection of optimal antifungal therapy are exploration of the literature and assessment of
patient-specific factors, including awareness of effects on the pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents that result from physiologic
changes during pregnancy. Topical azoles are favored for superficial fungal infections during pregnancy and lactation, whereas
amphotericin B is preferred for invasive fungal infections. Data regarding the use of antifungal agents by breastfeeding women
are lacking. More studies are needed, particularly with newer antifungals, to better guide clinicians in selecting optimal
antifungal therapy that will provide benefit to the mother without harm to the fetus. 相似文献
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Drosophila oogenesis provides a useful system to study signal transduction pathways and their interactions. Through clonal analysis, we found that brinker (brk), a repressor of Dpp signaling, plays an important role in the Drosophila ovary, where its function is essential for dorsal appendage formation. In the absence of brk, operculum fates are specified at the expense of dorsal appendage fates. Brk is expressed by most of the oocyte associated follicle cells, starting from stage 8 of oogenesis. Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling represses brk expression in both the early stage egg chambers and in the anterior follicle cells. In brk mutant follicle cell clones at the dorsal anterior region, Broad Complex (BR-C) expression is down-regulated in a larger domain than in wild type. We show that BR-C is required for dorsal appendage development. In large anterior BR-C mutant clones, dorsal appendages are absent, and instead, the eggshell has an enlarged operculum like region at the anterior. In addition, we show that the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor signaling represses the TGFbeta signaling in oogenesis by up-regulating brk expression. From our results and previously published data, it appears that anterior follicle cells integrate the levels of EGF receptor activation and TGFbeta receptor activation. Operculum fate results when the sum of the level of activation of both pathways reaches a threshold level, and reduction of activity of one pathway can be compensated to some extent by increase in the other pathway. 相似文献
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In a genetic screen we isolated mutations in CG10260, which encodes a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KIIIalpha), and found that PI4KIIIalpha is required for Hippo signaling in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells. PI4KIIIalpha mutations in the posterior follicle cells lead to oocyte polarization defects similar to those caused by mutations in the Hippo signaling pathway. PI4KIIIalpha mutations also cause misexpression of well-established Hippo signaling targets. The Merlin-Expanded-Kibra complex is required at the apical membrane for Hippo activity. In PI4KIIIalpha mutant follicle cells, Merlin fails to localize to the apical domain. Our analysis of PI4KIIIalpha mutants provides a new link in Hippo signal transduction from the cell membrane to its core kinase cascade. 相似文献
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Juan Carlos Almagro Gary L Gilliland Jamie Scott James W Larrick Andreas Plückthun Trudi Veldman Gregory P Adams Paul WHI Parren Kerry A Chester Andrew Bradbury Janice M Reichert James S Huston 《MABS-AUSTIN》2013,5(6):817-825
The Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics conference, which serves as the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in Huntington Beach, CA from Sunday December 8 through Thursday December 12, 2013. The scientific program will cover the full spectrum of challenges in antibody research and development, and provide updates on recent progress in areas from basic science through approval of antibody therapeutics. Keynote presentations will be given by Leroy Hood (Institute of System Biology), who will discuss a systems approach for studying disease that is enabled by emerging technology; Douglas Lauffenburger (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), who will discuss systems analysis of cell communication network dynamics for therapeutic biologics design; David Baker (University of Washington), who will describe computer-based design of smart protein therapeutics; and William Schief (The Scripps Research Institute), who will discuss epitope-focused immunogen design. In this preview of the conference, the workshop and session chairs share their thoughts on what conference participants may learn in sessions on: (1) three-dimensional structure antibody modeling; (2) identifying clonal lineages from next-generation data sets of expressed VH gene sequences; (3) antibodies in cardiometabolic medicine; (4) the effects of antibody gene variation and usage on the antibody response; (5) directed evolution; (6) antibody pharmacokinetics, distribution and off-target toxicity; (7) use of knowledge-based design to guide development of complementarity-determining regions and epitopes to engineer or elicit the desired antibody; (8) optimizing antibody formats for immunotherapy; (9) antibodies in a complex environment; (10) polyclonal, oligoclonal and bispecific antibodies; (11) antibodies to watch in 2014; and (12) polyreactive antibodies and polyspecificity. 相似文献
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New diagnostic descriptions and distribution information for Shepherd's beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi) off Southern Australia and New Zealand 下载免费PDF全文
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Christine R Keenan Josephine SL Mok Trudi Harris Yuxiu Xia Saad Salem Alastair G Stewart 《Respiratory research》2014,15(1):55