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71.
Exposure of cells to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the best studied and most used model system for the examination
of the biological effects of DNA damage, its repair and tolerance. The major product after UVR treatment is cyclobutane pyrimidine
dimer (TT, TC, CC). Pyrimidine dimers are repaired by a direct reversal called photoreactivation or by excision of damage
in a process of nucleotide excision repair. Several methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of pyrimidine
dimers in DNA. The technique of Small and Greimann, in which DNA is incubated with the pyrimidine dimer-specific endonuclease,
was used for the analysis of mutant strains with impaired excision repair system of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Another method is based on the binding of specific monoclonal antibodies to pyrimidine dimers. The aim of our work was to
compare these two techniques with the use of mutant strains of C. reinhardtii — uvsX1 and uvsX2 which are assumed to be deficient in DNA damage recognition. One of their traits was sensitivity to UVR which could be caused
by breakdown of the excision repair pathway. The results suggest that the immuno-approach is suitable for the detection of
DNA damage induced by UVR.
Presented at the International Symposium Biology and Taxonomy of Green Algae V, Smolenice, June 26–29, 2007, Slovakia. 相似文献
72.
The aqueous substrate and product toxicity thresholds in the microbial biotransformation of (-)-trans-carveol to the fragrance/flavor compound (R)-(-)-carvone by Rhodococcus erythropolis were determined. Above aqueous phase concentrations of approx. 500 mg carveol/l and 200-600 mg carvone/l, the biotransformation activity of the biocatalyst was inhibited. This biotransformation was undertaken in a single aqueous phase 3 l [corrected] reactor in which a total of 5 ml carveol (mixture of isomers) was added before the biotransformation rate decreased significantly. The carvone volumetric productivity was 31 mg/lh. Although the growth of the organism post-exposure was not affected, dramatic morphological changes in response to the accumulation of the inhibitory substrate and product were observed. 相似文献
73.
Planarians are highly regenerative organisms with the ability to remake all their cell types, including the germ cells. The
germ cells have been suggested to arise from totipotent neoblasts through epigenetic mechanisms. Nanos is a zinc-finger protein
with a widely conserved role in the maintenance of germ cell identity. In this work, we describe the expression of a planarian
nanos-like gene Smednos in two kinds of precursor cells namely, primordial germ cells and eye precursor cells, during both development and regeneration
of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. In sexual planarians, Smednos is expressed in presumptive male primordial germ cells of embryos from stage 8 of embryogenesis and throughout development
of the male gonads and in the female primordial germ cells of the ovary. Thus, upon hatching, juvenile planarians do possess
primordial germ cells. In the asexual strain, Smednos is expressed in presumptive male and female primordial germ cells. During regeneration, Smednos expression is maintained in the primordial germ cells, and new clusters of Smednos-positive cells appear in the regenerated tissue. Remarkably, during the final stages of development (stage 8 of embryogenesis)
and during regeneration of the planarian eye, Smednos is expressed in cells surrounding the differentiating eye cells, possibly corresponding to eye precursor cells. Our results
suggest that similar genetic mechanisms might be used to control the differentiation of precursor cells during development
and regeneration in planarians.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
74.
We studied the life-history of the Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) in a subalpine grassland-agriculture mosaic south of Mexico City. From March to early September 1999 we captured and color-banded
53 adults with mist-nets and mapped the breeding territories of 21 males. We again mapped territories in the same spot in
April and May 2000. The number of breeding territories was found to be the same in the two consecutive years and interannual
survivorship was found to be relatively high. Breeding territories were restricted to the bunchgrass-covered areas. We used
the density of territories and the amount of remaining habitat to estimate a total population size of 5,380–6,150 adults for
this species. Using this and other recent data, we recommend raising the Sierra Madre sparrow to the status of critically
endangered using BirdLife International criteria. 相似文献
75.
Different environmental stresses to a plant may result in similar responses at the cellular and molecular level. This is due
to the fact that the impacts of the stressors trigger similar strains and downstream signal transduction chains. A good example
for an unspecific response is the reaction to stressors which induce water deficiency e.g. drought, salinity and cold, especially
frost. The stabilizing effect of liquid water on the membrane bilayer can be supported by compatible solutes and special proteins.
At the metabolic level, osmotic adjustment by synthesis of low-molecular osmolytes (carbohydrates, betains, proline) can counteract
cellular dehydration and turgor loss. Taking the example of Pinus sylvestris, changes at the level of membrane composition, and concomitantly of photosynthetic capacity during frost hardening is shown.
Additionally the effect of photoperiod as measured via the phytochrome system and the effect of subfreezing temperatures on
the incidence of frost hardening is discussed. Extremely hydrophilic proteins such as dehydrins are common products protecting
not only the biomembranes in ripening seeds (late embryogenesis abundant proteins) but accumulate also in the shoots and roots
during cold adaptation, especially in drought tolerant plants. Dehydrins are characterized by conserved amino acid motifs,
called the K-, Y-or S-segments. Accumulation of dehydrins can be induced not only by drought, but also by cold, salinity,
treatment with abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. Positive effects of the overexpression of a wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum) dehydrin in tobacco plants on the dehydration tolerance is shown. The presentation discusses the perception of cold and
drought, the subsequent signal transduction and expression of genes and their products. Differences and similarities between
the plant responses to both stressors are also discussed. 相似文献
76.
A biochemical investigation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in Physcomitrella
patens was undertaken with particular emphasis on the glycan chains. Following homogenization and differential centrifugation of
moss gametophytes, AGPs were obtained by Yariv phenylglycoside-induced precipitation from the soluble, microsomal membrane,
and cell wall fractions. Crossed-electrophoresis indicated that each of these three AGP fractions was a mixture of several
AGPs. The soluble AGP fraction was selected for further separation by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The
latter indicated molecular masses of ∼100 and 224 kDa for the two major soluble AGP subfractions. The AGPs in both of these
subfractions contained the abundant (1,3,6)-linked galactopyranosyl residues, terminal arabinofuranosyl residues, and (1,4)-linked
glucuronopyranosyl residues that are typical of many angiosperm AGPs. Unexpectedly, however, the moss AGP glycan chains contained
about 15 mol% terminal 3-O-methyl-l-rhamnosyl residues, which have not been found in angiosperm AGPs. This unusual and relatively nonpolar sugar, also called
l-acofriose, is likely to have considerable effects on the overall polarity of Physcomitrella AGPs. A review of the literature indicates that the capacity to synthesize polymers containing 3-O-methyl-l-rhamnosyl residues is present in a variety of bacteria, algae and lower land plants but became less common through evolution
to the extent that this sugar has been found in only a few species of angiosperms where it occurs as a single residue on steroidal
glycosides. 相似文献
77.
Olubukola O. Babalola Abiodun I. Sanni George D. Odhiambo Baldwyn Torto 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(6):747-752
Summary The use of trap crops such as cowpea could reduce the effects of the root parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica and its subsequent constraints on the growth of cereals. Certain bacteria could augment the trap crop stimulatory effect.
We studied the effect of three bacteria introduced to the rhizosphere of three cowpea varieties at planting. Number of days
to cowpea flowering was noted and at harvest, data were collected on pod characteristics and biomass. Means of data subjected
to ANOVA were compared using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test. We analysed bacterial headspace volatiles for ethylene by gas
chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Bacterial type significantly influenced the cowpea varieties with
better performance over the non-inoculated control. Average pod weight (g) with bacterial treatment was 37.97 for Enterobacter sakazakii 8MR5, 34.38 for Pseudomonas 44MS8 and 27.46 for Pseudomonas 10M3. Non-inoculated control had an average weight of 20.98 g. Bacteria promoted a significant increase in pod weight (≥30.89%),
fresh biomass (≥24.22%), and improved pod number (≥20.54%) and pod wall thickness (≥7.33%) with no deleterious effect on plant
health. Ethylene released by the bacteria ranged from trace concentrations in Pseudomonas sp. to 210 nmoles/108 c. f. u./ml in Ent. sakazakii 8MR5. 相似文献
78.
Symptoms of fairy rings caused by Lepista sordida have been reported on Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) turf maintained at fairway height (2 cm), but not on bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) maintained at putting green height (0.5 cm). The mycelia of this fungus inhabit primarily the upper 0–2 cm layer of
the soil extending into the thatch. To compare conditions for the mycelial growth in Z. matrella turf to those in A. palustris turf, we examined the effects of nutrients, temperature, water potential, and pH in the field as well as in the laboratory.
Greater growth of the mycelia was observed in medium that included hot water extracts from soil of the 0–1 cm zone in Z. matrella turf compared to that from A. palustris. The upper soil layer in Z. matrella turf contained more organic matter from clippings than that in A. palustris. The temperature and water potential of the 0–2 cm soil zone in Z. matrella turf were also more favorable for the mycelial growth. The soil pH values of this zone in Z. matrella turf were less favorable compared to A. palustris but within the range for accelerating mycelial growth.
Part of this study was presented orally at the 46th meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan in 2002 相似文献
79.
An approach of combining flow cytometry (FCM) analysis with morphological and chemical profiling was used to assess the genetic
stability and bioactive compound diversity in a Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang-qin) germplasm collection that was clonally maintained in in vitro for a period of over 6 years. Based on the
FCM analysis of nuclei samples from young shoots, the nuclear DNA content of S. baicalensis was calculated as 0.84 pg/2C. FCM analysis showed no significant variation in the nuclear DNA contents and ploidy levels
in the long-term in vitro maintained germplasm lines. Germplasm lines, acclimatized to ex vitro conditions, exhibited distinctive
plant growth and bioactive compound production capacities. The high level of genetic stability observed in in vitro maintained
S. baicalensis lines opens up a variety of opportunities such as allowing long-term aseptic preservation and easy distribution of well-characterized
germplasm lines of this medicinal plant species. This study represents a novel approach for continuous maintenance, monitoring,
and production of medicinal plant tissues with specific chemistry. 相似文献
80.