全文获取类型
收费全文 | 293055篇 |
免费 | 34534篇 |
国内免费 | 152篇 |
专业分类
327741篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 2401篇 |
2016年 | 3087篇 |
2015年 | 4034篇 |
2014年 | 4915篇 |
2013年 | 6739篇 |
2012年 | 7696篇 |
2011年 | 7906篇 |
2010年 | 5201篇 |
2009年 | 5032篇 |
2008年 | 7146篇 |
2007年 | 7319篇 |
2006年 | 7201篇 |
2005年 | 6924篇 |
2004年 | 6786篇 |
2003年 | 6616篇 |
2002年 | 6468篇 |
2001年 | 17258篇 |
2000年 | 17445篇 |
1999年 | 13301篇 |
1998年 | 3862篇 |
1997年 | 4127篇 |
1996年 | 3851篇 |
1995年 | 3487篇 |
1994年 | 3465篇 |
1993年 | 3540篇 |
1992年 | 10387篇 |
1991年 | 10316篇 |
1990年 | 9804篇 |
1989年 | 9635篇 |
1988年 | 8990篇 |
1987年 | 8356篇 |
1986年 | 7556篇 |
1985年 | 7407篇 |
1984年 | 5824篇 |
1983年 | 5076篇 |
1982年 | 3612篇 |
1981年 | 3180篇 |
1980年 | 3031篇 |
1979年 | 5349篇 |
1978年 | 4115篇 |
1977年 | 3749篇 |
1976年 | 3299篇 |
1975年 | 3776篇 |
1974年 | 3947篇 |
1973年 | 3894篇 |
1972年 | 3421篇 |
1971年 | 3183篇 |
1970年 | 2822篇 |
1969年 | 2741篇 |
1968年 | 2412篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
361.
The role of asialo GM1+ (ASGM1+) cells and exogenous IL-2 in the age-related decline in allospecific CTL activity was evaluated. Primary CTL were generated in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) [BALB/cANN (H-2d) anti C57BL/6N (H-2b)] and tested for allospecific lytic activity against the EL-4 (H-2b) cell culture line, and for non-MHC-restricted activity against WEHI-3 (H-2d) and YAC-1 (H-2a). Cultures included responder cell populations which had been treated with antibody to ASGM1 plus complement or complement alone, and irradiated stimulator cells, in the presence or absence of rIL-2 or crude IL-2-containing supernatants. The amount of rIL-2 used to accommodate the age-related decline in IL-2 production was determined empirically to be 500 U by assessing IL-2 production in MLCs containing responder cells from young versus old animals. rIL-2 appeared to restore the allospecific CTL activity generated by spleen cells of old mice to the level of that of young. However, treatment with anti-ASGM1 antibody revealed that this restoration was due to an effect of the IL-2 on ASGM1+ cells. The allospecific target cells, EL-4, were not sensitive to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells induced by IL-2 alone under the conditions used. It is suggested that the apparent restoration was due to increased LAK-like (or MHC-nonrestricted) activity mediated by an ASGM1+ cell in the CTL precursor population. 相似文献
362.
Glycogen debranching enzyme: purification, antibody characterization, and immunoblot analyses of type III glycogen storage disease. 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Type III glycogen storage disease is caused by a deficiency of glycogen debranching-enzyme activity. Many patients with this disease have both liver and muscle involvement, whereas others have only liver involvement without clinical or laboratory evidence of myopathy. To improve our understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, debranching enzyme was purified 238-fold from porcine skeletal muscle. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purified enzyme gave a single band with a relative molecular weight of 160,000 that migrated to the same position as purified rabbit-muscle debranching enzyme. Antiserum against porcine debranching enzyme was prepared in rabbit. The antiserum reacted against porcine debranching enzyme with a single precipitin line and demonstrated a reaction having complete identity to those of both the enzyme present in crude muscle and the enzyme present in liver extracts. Incubation of antiserum with purified porcine debranching enzyme inhibited almost all enzyme activity, whereas such treatment with preimmune serum had little effect. The antiserum also inhibited debranching-enzyme activity in crude liver extracts from both pigs and humans to the same extent as was observed in muscle. Immunoblot analysis probed with anti-porcine-muscle debranching-enzyme antiserum showed that the antiserum can detect debranching enzyme in both human muscle and human liver. The bands detected in human samples by the antiserum were the same size as the one detected in porcine muscle. Five patients with Type III and six patients with other types of glycogen storage disease were subjected to immunoblot analysis. Although anti-porcine antiserum detected specific bands in all liver and muscle samples from patients with other types of glycogen storage disease (Types I, II, and IX), the antiserum detected no cross-reactive material in any of the liver or muscle samples from patients with Type III glycogen storage disease. These data indicate (1) immunochemical similarity of debranching enzyme in liver and muscle and (2) that deficiency of debranching-enzyme activity in Type III glycogen storage disease is due to absence of debrancher protein in the patients that we studied. 相似文献
363.
364.
365.
In Exp. 1, PMSG was injected to 26-day-old prepubertal rats to induce ovulations. On Day 2 (2 days later, the equivalent of the day of pro-oestrus) they received at 08:00 h 5 mg hydroxyflutamide or vehicle and at 12:00 h 2 mg progesterone or testosterone or vehicle. Animals were killed at 18:00 h on Day 2 or at 09:00 h on Day 3. Progesterone but not testosterone restored the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in hydroxyflutamide-treated rats. In Exp. 2, 2 mg progesterone or testosterone were injected between 10:30 and 11:00 h on Day 2, to advance the pro-oestrous LH surge and ovulation in PMSG-primed prepubertal rats. Injection of hydroxyflutamide abolished the ability of progesterone to advance the LH surge or ovulation. Testosterone did not induce the advancement of LH surge or ovulation. In Exp. 3, ovariectomized prepubertal rats implanted with oestradiol-17 beta showed significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated serum LH concentrations at 18:00 h over those observed at 10:00 h. Progesterone injection to these animals further elevated the serum LH concentrations at 18:00 h, in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal values resulting from 1 mg progesterone. Hydroxyflutamide treatment significantly (P less than 0.003) reduced the serum LH values in rats receiving 0-1 mg progesterone but 2 mg progesterone were able to overcome this inhibition. It is concluded that progesterone but not testosterone can reverse the effects of hydroxyflutamide on the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation. It appears that hydroxyflutamide may interfere with progesterone action in induction of the LH surge, suggesting a hitherto undescribed anti-progestagenic action of hydroxyflutamide. 相似文献
366.
Vrieling E. G. Gieskes W. W.C. Beelen T. P. M. & van Santen R.A. 《Journal of phycology》2000,36(S3):70-70
Using a high-brilliance synchrotron X-ray source, combined small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) was applied to study nanoscale characteristics, in particular pore size in the range of 3 to 65 nm, of a variety of unialgal cultures of centric and pennate diatoms, and of mixed diatom populations sampled in the field. Results of scattering analysis were compared with details of pore size, structure and orientation visible at the electron microscopic level. WAXS patterns did not reveal any crystalline phase or features of microcrystallinity (resolution 0.07 to 0.51 nm), which implies a totally amorphous character of the SiO2 matrix of the frustule material. SAXS data (resolution 3 to 65 nm) provided information on geometry, size, and distribution of pores in the silica. Overall, two pore regions were recognized that were common to the silica of all samples: the smallest (d less than 10 nm) regularly spaced and shaped spherically, the larger (up to 65 nm) being cylinders or slits. Apparently, at a nanoscale level diatomaceous silica is quite homologous among species, in agreement with the chemical principles of silica polymerization under the conditions of pH and precursor concentrations inside the silicon deposition vesicle. The final frustule "macro"-morphology is of course species-specific, being determined genetically. Synthetically-derived MCM-type silicas have a similarly organized pore distribution in an amorphous silica matrix as we found in all diatom species studied. We therefore suggest that organic molecules of a kind used as structure-directing agents to produce these artificial silicas play a role in the nucleation of the silica polymerization reaction and the shaping of pore morphology inside the silicon deposition vesicle of diatoms. Structure-directing molecules now await isolation from the SDV, followed by identification and characterisation by molecular techniques. 相似文献
367.
S. J. Tzartos M. T. Cung P. Demange H. Loutrari A. Mamalaki M. Marraud I. Papadouli C. Sakarellos V. Tsikaris 《Molecular neurobiology》1991,5(1):1-29
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the neuromuscular junction. The anti-AChR antibodies are heterogeneous. However, a small region on the extracellular part of the AChR alpha subunit, called the main immunogenic region (MIR), seems to be the major target of the anti-AChR antibodies, but not of the specific T-cells, in experimental animals and possibly in MG patients. The major loop of the overlapping epitopes for all testable anti-MIR monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was localized within residues 67-76 (WNPADYGGIK for Torpedo and WNPDDYGGVK for human AChR) of the alpha subunit. The N-terminal half of alpha 67-76 is the most critical, Asn68 and Asp71 being indispensable for binding. Yet anti-MIR antibodies are functionally and structurally quite heterogeneous. Anti-MIR MAbs do not affect channel gating, but they are very potent in mediating acceleration of AChR degradation (antigenic modulation) in cell cultures and in transferring experimental MG in animals. Fab fragments of anti-MIR MAbs bound to the AChR prevent the majority of the MG patients' antibodies from binding to and causing loss of the AChR. Whether this inhibition means that most MG antibodies bind on the same small region or is a result of broad steric/allosteric effects is under current investigation. 相似文献
368.
T. A. Timofeeva 《Systematic parasitology》1995,32(1):71-77
Two new capsalid species, Pseudallobenedenia arabica n. sp. from the gills of Pristipomoides filamentosus (Lutjanidae) from the Arabian Sea and Lagenivaginopseudobenedenia tinrowi n. sp. from the gills of Etelis carbunculus (Lutjanidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean are described and illustrated. P. arabica differs from the most similar species, P. opakapaka Yamaguti, 1966, in the greater width of the body, its larger haptor and anterior adhesive discs, the form and sizes of the testes and ovary, and differences in host and locality. L. tinrowi differs from its congener, L. etelis Yamaguti, 1966, in the larger size of the body and its organs, the absence of eye-spots and Goto's glands, and differences in the arrangement of the genital organs. All of the species in these two genera differ from other capsalids by the presence of a voluminous uterus and an extremely long penis forming a loop. All species in these two genera are parasites of fishes of the family Lutjanidae and are reported from Indo-Pacific subtropical areas. 相似文献
369.
Cefepime/amikacin in the empirical antibacterial therapy for patients with hemoblastosis of different forms] 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The results of the use of cefepime (Maxipime) combination with amikacin vs ceftriaxon combination with amikacin in the treatment of 80 patients with different forms of hemoblastosis are presented. Severe infectious complications in the patients were associated with prolonged and deep neutropenia during inductive or antirelapsing chemotherapy. All the patients in the trial were from the group of high risk of infectious complications with the blood neutrophil count under 100 cells/microliter. The duration of neutropenia averaged 12 days (7 to 15). The average period of the treatment with cefepime and amikacin equaled to 13 days (8 to 16). The treatment with cefepime + amikacin was successful in 38 out of 40 patients (95%). The average period of the treatment with ceftriaxon and amikacin equaled to 14 days (7 to 18). The efficacy of the treatment with ceftriaxon + amikacin was 60% (24 patients out of 40). 相似文献
370.
New gene assignments using a complete, characterized sheep-hamster somatic cell hybrid panel 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The generation and characterization of new sheep-hamster cell hybrids is reported from the fusion of sheep white blood cells with six different hamster auxotrophs. Selection from these and previously generated cell hybrids has led to the production of a panel of 30 hybrids covering the complete sheep genome of 28 chromosomes. Over half of the cell hybrids in this panel contain single sheep chromosomes. By complementation, the following new assignments have been made using the panel: phosphoribosyl N-formylglycinamide amidotransferase (PRFGA) to sheep chromosome (chr) 11; adenylosuccinate synthetase (ADSS) to sheep chr 12; adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) to sheep chr 3q; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS) to sheep chr 16; dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) to sheep chr 5; and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) to sheep chr 14. The gene phosphoribosylaminoinidazole-carboxamide formyltransferase/Inosinicase (PRACFT) has now been regionally assigned to chr 2q. By isozyme analysis, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) was assigned to sheep chr 12, anchoring the sheep syntenic group U1 to this chromosome, and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI) was assigned to sheep chr 18. Furthermore, the chromosomal assignment of 110 microsatellites was confirmed using this cell panel. 相似文献