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81.
Growth and Grazing Mortality Rates of Phylogenetic Groups of Bacterioplankton in Coastal Marine Environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Dilution culture experiments were conducted in western North Pacific coastal regions to determine growth and grazing mortality rates of bacterial phylogenetic groups (α-, β-, and γ-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacter cluster) detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Growth rates varied greatly (1.2- to 4.0-fold) among different groups, and they were related to environmental variables (chlorophyll a concentrations and temperature) in a group-specific fashion. Growth rates of α-proteobacteria, the most abundant group in all the samples examined, were generally lower than those of less abundant groups, including the Cytophaga-Flavobacter cluster and γ-proteobacteria. Grazing mortality rates and mean cell volumes varied little among different groups. These results provide insights into factors that affect distributions of different groups, but growth and grazing mortality alone did not fully explain bacterial community compositions at a broad phylogenetic level. 相似文献
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Pim Cuijpers Soledad Quero Hisashi Noma Marketa Ciharova Clara Miguel Eirini Karyotaki Andrea Cipriani Ioana A. Cristea Toshi A. Furukawa 《World psychiatry》2021,20(2):283
The effects of psychotherapies for depression have been examined in several hundreds of randomized trials, but no recent network meta‐analysis (NMA) has integrated the results of these studies. We conducted an NMA of trials comparing cognitive behavioural, interpersonal, psychodynamic, problem‐solving, behavioural activation, life‐review and “third wave” therapies and non‐directive supportive counseling with each other and with care‐as‐usual, waiting list and pill placebo control conditions. Response (50% reduction in symptoms) was the primary outcome, but we also assessed remission, standardized mean difference, and acceptability (all‐cause dropout rate). Random‐effects pairwise and network meta‐analyses were conducted on 331 randomized trials with 34,285 patients. All therapies were more efficacious than care‐as‐usual and waiting list control conditions, and all therapies – except non‐directive supportive counseling and psychodynamic therapy – were more efficacious than pill placebo. Standardized mean differences compared with care‐as‐usual ranged from –0.81 for life‐review therapy to –0.32 for non‐directive supportive counseling. Individual psychotherapies did not differ significantly from each other, with the only exception of non‐directive supportive counseling, which was less efficacious than all other therapies. The results were similar when only studies with low risk of bias were included. Most therapies still had significant effects at 12‐month follow‐up compared to care‐as‐usual, and problem‐solving therapy was found to have a somewhat higher long‐term efficacy than some other therapies. No consistent differences in acceptability were found. Our conclusion is that the most important types of psychotherapy are efficacious and acceptable in the acute treatment of adult depression, with few significant differences between them. Patient preference and availability of each treatment type may play a larger role in the choice between types of psychotherapy, although it is possible that a more detailed characterization of patients with a diagnosis of depression may lead to a more precise matching between individual patients and individual psychotherapies. 相似文献
86.
Multivariate meta-analysis is gaining prominence in evidence synthesis research because it enables simultaneous synthesis of multiple correlated outcome data, and random-effects models have generally been used for addressing between-studies heterogeneities. However, coverage probabilities of confidence regions or intervals for standard inference methods for random-effects models (eg, restricted maximum likelihood estimation) cannot retain their nominal confidence levels in general, especially when the number of synthesized studies is small because their validities depend on large sample approximations. In this article, we provide permutation-based inference methods that enable exact joint inferences for average outcome measures without large sample approximations. We also provide accurate marginal inference methods under general settings of multivariate meta-analyses. We propose effective approaches for permutation inferences using optimal weighting based on the efficient score statistic. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is illustrated via applications to bivariate meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies for airway eosinophilia in asthma and a network meta-analysis for antihypertensive drugs on incident diabetes, as well as through simulation experiments. In numerical evaluations performed via simulations, our methods generally provided accurate confidence regions or intervals under a broad range of settings, whereas the current standard inference methods exhibited serious undercoverage properties. 相似文献
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Kazuki Tanaka MD Noriyuki Enomoto MD PhD Masahiro Uehara MD PhD Kazuki Furuhashi MD PhD Shogo Sakurai MD Hideki Yasui MD PhD Masato Karayama MD PhD Hironao Hozumi MD PhD Yuzo Suzuki MD PhD Tomoyuki Fujisawa MD PhD Naoki Inui MD PhD Yutaro Nakamura MD PhD Toshi Nagata PhD Takafumi Suda MD PhD 《Microbiology and immunology》2020,64(10):666-678
Antigen-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: CTL), as well as CD4+ T-lymphocytes (helper T-lymphocytes: Th), simultaneously play an important role in the elimination of intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. Administration of T-cell epitope short peptide needs large numbers of peptides for effective vaccination due to its easily degradable nature in vivo. In this respect, biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles combined with CTL/Th-hybrid epitope long peptide (long peptide) have been used to diminish the degradation of loaded peptide. The aim of this study is to develop a novel T cell-oriented vaccine against intracellular bacteria that is composed of long peptide and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were loaded with L. monocytogenes listeriolysin O (LLO)-derived or ovalbumin (OVA)-derived long peptide/PLGA or other comparative antigens. The antigen-loaded BMDCs were injected subcutaneously into the flank of mice twice, and then, the spleens were collected and lymphocyte proliferation and interferon-γ production were evaluated. The median diameter of the PLGA spheres was 1.38 μm. Both LLO- and OVA-long peptide/PLGA showed significantly more robust CTL and Th proliferations with higher interferon-γ production than the long peptide alone or CTL and Th short peptides/PLGA vaccination. Furthermore, the LLO-long peptide/PLGA vaccination showed a significantly lower bacterial burden in spleens compared with the long peptide alone or the CTL and Th short peptides/PLGA vaccination after the challenge of lethal amounts of L. monocytogenes. These results suggest that the novel vaccine taking advantages of CTL/Th-hybrid epitope long peptide and PLGA microparticle is effective for protection against intracellular bacteria. 相似文献
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Kazuyoshi Miyamoto Toshi Shimamoto Masayoshi Aosasa Sota Kimura Naoto Nakamura Yuka Okubo Takashi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Horiuchi Shuichi Furusawa Haruo Matsuda 《Biologicals》2007,35(1):31-34
We generated two recombinant chicken IgYs, designated Ab3-15 and Ab4-19, against mammalian prion protein (PrP) from the single chain fragment of variable region (scFv) antibodies. These two antibodies recognized PrP(Sc) from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and were more sensitive than the corresponding scFv antibodies. These antibodies also recognized PrP(Sc) from other scrapie-infected mammals. These results indicate that Ab3-15 and Ab4-19 are useful for diagnosis of BSE as well as other prion diseases. 相似文献
89.
Background
In the literature we find many indices of size of treatment effect (effect size: ES). The preferred index of treatment effect in evidence-based medicine is the number needed to treat (NNT), while the most common one in the medical literature is Cohen''s d when the outcome is continuous. There is confusion about how to convert Cohen''s d into NNT.Methods
We conducted meta-analyses of individual patient data from 10 randomized controlled trials of second generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia (n = 4278) to produce Cohen''s d and NNTs for various definitions of response, using cutoffs of 10% through 90% reduction on the symptom severity scale. These actual NNTs were compared with NNTs calculated from Cohen''s d according to two proposed methods in the literature (Kraemer, et al., Biological Psychiatry, 2006; Furukawa, Lancet, 1999).Results
NNTs from Kraemer''s method overlapped with the actual NNTs in 56%, while those based on Furukawa''s method fell within the observed ranges of NNTs in 97% of the examined instances. For various definitions of response corresponding with 10% through 70% symptom reduction where we observed a non-small number of responders, the degree of agreement for the former method was at a chance level (ANOVA ICC of 0.12, p = 0.22) but that for the latter method was ANOVA ICC of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.55 to 0.95, p<0.01).Conclusions
Furukawa''s method allows more accurate prediction of NNTs from Cohen''s d. Kraemer''s method gives a wrong impression that NNT is constant for a given d even when the event rate differs. 相似文献90.
Toshihiro Miyajima Chikage Yoshimizu Yoshie Tsuboi Yoshiyuki Tanaka Ichiro Tayasu Toshi Nagata Isao Koike 《Biogeochemistry》2009,95(2-3):243-260
The longitudinal variations in the nitrogen (δ15N) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic compositions of nitrate (NO3 ?), the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the δ13C and δ15N of particulate organic matter were determined in two Southeast Asian rivers contrasting in the watershed geology and land use to understand internal nitrogen cycling processes. The $ \delta^{15} {\text{N}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ became higher longitudinally in the freshwater reach of both rivers. The $ \delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ also increased longitudinally in the river with a relatively steeper longitudinal gradient and a less cultivated watershed, while the $ \delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ gradually decreased in the other river. A simple model for the $ \delta^{15} {\text{N}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ and the $ \delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ that accounts for simultaneous input and removal of NO3 ? suggested that the dynamics of NO3 ? in the former river were controlled by the internal production by nitrification and the removal by denitrification, whereas that in the latter river was significantly affected by the anthropogenic NO3 ? loading in addition to the denitrification and/or assimilation. In the freshwater-brackish transition zone, heterotrophic activities in the river water were apparently elevated as indicated by minimal dissolved oxygen, minimal δ13CDIC and maximal pCO2. The δ15N of suspended particulate nitrogen (PN) varied in parallel to the $ \delta^{15} {\text{N}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ there, suggesting that the biochemical recycling processes (remineralization of PN coupled to nitrification, and assimilation of NO3 ?-N back to PN) played dominant roles in the instream nitrogen transformation. In the brackish zone of both rivers, the $ \delta^{15} {\text{N}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ displayed a declining trend while the $ \delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ increased sharply. The redox cycling of NO3 ?/NO2 ? and/or deposition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides may have been the major controlling factor for the estuarine $ \delta^{15} {\text{N}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ and $ \delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{NO}}_{3} }} $ , however, the exact mechanism behind the observed trends is currently unresolved. 相似文献