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141.
Kevin J. McGraw Mathieu Giraudeau Geoffrey E. Hill Matthew B. Toomey Molly Staley 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2013
Pathogenic or parasitic infections pose numerous physiological challenges to organisms. Carotenoid pigments have often been used as biomarkers of disease state and impact because they integrate multiple aspects of an individual’s condition and nutritional and health state. Some diseases are known to influence carotenoid uptake from food (e.g. coccidiosis) and carotenoid use (e.g. as antioxidants/immunostimulants in the body, or for sexually attractive coloration), but there is relatively little information in animals about how different types of carotenoids from different tissue sources may be affected by disease. Here we tracked carotenoid accumulation in two body pools (retina and plasma) as a function of disease state in free-ranging house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). House finches in eastern North America can contract mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, or MG), which can progress from eye swelling to eye closure and death. Previous work showed that systemic immune challenges in house finches lower carotenoid levels in retina, where they act as photoprotectors and visual filters. We assessed carotenoid levels during the molt period, a time of year when finches uniquely metabolize ketocarotenoids (e.g. 3-hydroxy-echinenone) for acquisition of sexually selected red plumage coloration, and found that males infected with MG circulated significantly lower levels of 3-hydroxy-echinenone, but no other plasma carotenoid types, than birds exhibiting no MG symptoms. This result uncovers a key biochemical mechanism for the documented detrimental effect of MG on plumage redness in H. mexicanus. In contrast, we failed to find a relationship between MG infection status and retinal carotenoid concentrations. Thus, we reveal differential effects of an infectious eye disease on carotenoid types and tissue pools in a wild songbird. At least compared to retinal sources (which appear somewhat more temporally stable than other body carotenoid pools, even to diseases of the eye evidently), our results point to either a high physiological cost of ketocarotenoid synthesis (as is argued in models of sexually selected carotenoid coloration) or high benefit of using this ketocarotenoid to combat infection. 相似文献
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Shechinah Felice Choragudi Ganesh Kumar Veeramachaneni BV Raman Bondili JS 《Bioinformation》2014,10(8):507-511
Endo- β-N-acetylgucosaminidases (ENGases) are the enzymes that catalyze both hydrolysis and
transglycosylation reactions. It is of interest to study ENGases because of their ability to synthesize glycopeptides.
Homology models of Human, Arabidopsis thaliana and Sorghum ENGases were developed and their active sites
marked based on information available from Arthrobacter protophormiae (PDB ID: 3FHQ) ENGase. Further, these
models were docked with the natural substrate GlcNAc-Asn and the inhibitor Man3GlcNAc-thiazoline. The catalytic
triad of Asn, Glu and Tyr (N171, E173 and Y205 of bacteria) were found to be conserved across the phyla. The crucial
Y299F mutation showing 3 times higher transglycosylation activity than in wild type Endo-A is known. The hydrolytic
activity remained unchanged in bacteria, while the transglycosylation activity increased. This Y to F change is found
to be naturally evolved and should be attributing higher transglycosylation rates in human and Arabidopsis thaliana
ENGases. Ligand interactions Ligplots revealed the interaction of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains and polar
uncharged side chain amino acids. Thus, structure based molecular model-ligand interactions provide insights into
the catalytic mechanism of ENGases and assist in the rational engineering of ENGases. 相似文献
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Because certain inhibitors of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase (NMT, the epinephrine-forming enzyme) are α2 adrenoreceptor blockers, we compared the ability of various compounds to inhibit rat brain NMT activity and the binding of tritiated clonidine to rat brain membranes . There was no correlation between potency of NMT inhibition and potency of α2 receptor antagonism (as measured by inhibition of tritiated clonidine binding) among NMT inhibitors representing several chemical classes or among members of a single class of compounds, l-aminoindans. In addition, several potent α2 blocking drugs were essentially inactive as NMT inhibitors. These findings indicate that NMT inhibition and α2 blockade are dissociable activities. Future development of NMT inhibitors should include this dissociation as a goal to increase the usefulness of NMT inhibitors as pharmacologic tools. 相似文献
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