云南中部地区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其影响因素研究

基于MODIS NDVI数据通过像元二分模型提取植被覆盖, 利用线性趋势、相关分析方法分析了云南中部地区2000—2016年植被覆盖的时空分布特征与变化趋势, 并探讨了气候因子、地形因子、人类活动对其植被覆盖的影响。研究结果为: 云南中部地区植被覆盖春季最低(平均58.75%), 秋季最高(平均66.30%), 大部分地区年植被覆盖度的平均值在50%—70%之间; 植被覆盖高值区主要分布在曲靖境内(>80%); 滇池周边人口高密度区植被覆盖常年最低(<20%)。近17年来云南中部地区植被覆盖总体呈现增长趋势, 年平均增长率0.3%•a-1, 其中秋季增幅最大(0.42%•a-1)。坡度对植被覆盖影响较大, 坡度≤8°地区的植被覆盖明显较低。除了冬季降水量与植被覆盖呈现显著正相关关系, 其他季节多呈现负相关关系; 气温与植被覆盖多呈现正相关关系, 云南中部地区植被覆盖变化主要受气温影响。人类活动对植被覆盖变化影响较大, 造林面积变化与植被覆盖趋势变化具有相对一致性, 经济发展水平较高的昆明市区植被覆盖为常年最低。     

尖音库蚊复合组杂交子一代4龄幼虫形态性状的研究

对我国尖音库蚊复合组（Culex pipiens complex）中的尖音库蚊Cx. Pipiens pipiens、淡色库蚊Cx. Pipiens pallens和致倦库蚊Cx. Pipiens quinquefasciatus之间杂交的F₁代幼虫形态进行了方差和典型变量分析,结果发现杂交组F₁代4龄幼虫在呼吸管指数、1-S第1对毛和第2对毛的分枝数3个性状上与亲本有明显的差异,而且介于两亲本之间。     

Immune protection induced on day 10 following administration of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine

Background

The 2009 swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) H1N1 pandemic has caused more than 18,000 deaths worldwide. Vaccines against the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza virus are useful for preventing infection and controlling the pandemic. The kinetics of the immune response following vaccination with the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza vaccine need further investigation.

Methodology/Principal Findings

58 volunteers were vaccinated with a 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic influenza monovalent split-virus vaccine (15 µg, single-dose). The sera were collected before Day 0 (pre-vaccination) and on Days 3, 5, 10, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 post vaccination. Specific antibody responses induced by the vaccination were analyzed using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After administration of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza vaccine, specific and protective antibody response with a major subtype of IgG was sufficiently developed as early as Day 10 (seroprotection rate: 93%). This specific antibody response could maintain for at least 60 days without significant reduction. Antibody response induced by the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza vaccine could not render protection against seasonal H1N1 influenza (seroconversion rate: 3% on Day 21). However, volunteers with higher pre-existing seasonal influenza antibody levels (pre-vaccination HI titer ≥1∶40, Group 1) more easily developed a strong antibody protection effect against the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza vaccine as compared with those showing lower pre-existing seasonal influenza antibody levels (pre-vaccination HI titer <1∶40, Group 2). The titer of the specific antibody against the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza was much higher in Group 1 (geometric mean titer: 146 on Day 21) than that in Group 2 (geometric mean titer: 70 on Day 21).

Conclusions/Significance

Recipients could gain sufficient protection as early as 10 days after vaccine administration. The protection could last at least 60 days. Individuals with a stronger pre-existing seasonal influenza antibody response may have a relatively higher potential for developing a stronger humoral immune response after vaccination with the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine.     

Epitope mapping of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus glycoprotein by flow cytometry

The glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus was truncated to ten overlapping fragments. All fragments were displayed on the inner membrane of the Escherichia coli periplasm. After disruption of the outer membrane, spheroplasts that had anchored with the glycoprotein fragment were incubated with an anti-glycoprotein polyclonal antibody. Prey pairs were detected and quantitated by flow cytometry with all fragments but one, G2, reacting with the polyclonal antibody. The antigenicity of all ten fragments was analyzed using conventional methods, and epitopes were localized in all fragments, except for G2 and were consistent with FCM analysis. Antigenicity of purified glycoprotein fusion proteins was confirmed by western blotting and ELISA. This method provides a rapid, quantitative and simple strategy for identifying linear B cell epitopes of a given protein.     

Point Mutations Associated with Organophosphate and Carbamate Resistance in Chinese Strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Acetylcholinesterase resistance has been well documented in many insects, including several mosquito species. We tested the resistance of five wild, Chinese strains of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to two kinds of pesticides, dichlorvos and propoxur. An acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) was cloned and sequenced from a pooled sample of mosquitoes from these five strains and the amino acids of five positions were found to vary (V185M, G247S, A328S, A391T, and T682A). Analysis of the correlation between mutation frequencies and resistance levels (LC₅₀) suggests that two point mutations, G247S (r² = 0.732, P = 0.065) and A328S (r² = 0.891, P = 0.016), are associated with resistance to propoxur but not to dichlorvos. Although the V185M mutation was not associated with either dichlorvos or propoxur resistance, its RS genotype frequency was correlated with propoxur resistance (r² = 0.815, P = 0.036). And the HWE test showed the A328S mutation is linked with V185M, also with G247S mutation. This suggested that these three mutations may contribute synergistically to propoxur resistance. The T682A mutation was negatively correlated with propoxur (r² = 0.788, P = 0.045) resistance. Knowledge of these mutations may help design strategies for managing pesticide resistance in wild mosquito populations.     

溶藻弧菌群体基因组学研究

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是一种能够对人类以及鱼、虾、贝类等水产品致病的弧菌,给人类健康带来威胁,也给水产养殖业造成巨大的经济损失.目前该物种基于全基因组的遗传多样性和重要遗传元件研究报道较少.本研究对采集自全国4个省份的68株溶藻弧菌进行高通量测序,获得全基因组序列,并结合113株公开发表的...     

Comparative analysis identifies amino acids critical for citrus tristeza virus (T36CA) encoded proteins involved in suppression of RNA silencing and differential systemic infection in two plant species

Complementary (c)DNA clones corresponding to the full-length genome of T36CA (a Californian isolate of Citrus tristeza virus with the T36 genotype), which shares 99.1% identity with that of T36FL (a T36 isolate from Florida), were made into a vector system to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Agroinfiltration of two prototype T36CA-based vectors (pT36CA) to Nicotiana benthamiana plants resulted in local but not systemic GFP expression/viral infection. This contrasted with agroinfiltration of the T36FL-based vector (pT36FL), which resulted in both local and systemic GFP expression/viral infection. A prototype T36CA systemically infected RNA silencing-defective N. benthamiana lines, demonstrating that a genetic basis for its defective systemic infection was RNA silencing. We evaluated the in planta bioactivity of chimeric pT36CA-pT36FL constructs and the results suggested that nucleotide variants in several open reading frames of the prototype T36CA could be responsible for its defective systemic infection. A single amino acid substitution in each of two silencing suppressors, p20 (S107G) and p25 (G36D), of prototype T36CA facilitated its systemic infectivity in N. benthamiana (albeit with reduced titre relative to that of T36FL) but not in Citrus macrophylla plants. Enhanced virus accumulation and, remarkably, robust systemic infection of T36CA in N. benthamiana and C. macrophylla plants, respectively, required two additional amino acid substitutions engineered in p65 (N118S and S158L), a putative closterovirus movement protein. The availability of pT36CA provides a unique opportunity for comparative analysis to identify viral coding and noncoding nucleotides or sequences involved in functions that are vital for in planta infection.     

A Gut Commensal Bacterium Promotes Mosquito Permissiveness to Arboviruses

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