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101.
Hirobe T Abe H 《Pigment cell research / sponsored by the European Society for Pigment Cell Research and the International Pigment Cell Society》2006,19(5):454-459
The slaty (Dct(slt)) mutation is known to reduce the activity of dopachrome tautomerase in melanocytes and to reduce the melanin content in skin, hairs and eyes. Although the melanosomes in slaty melanocytes are reported to be eumelanosome-like, detailed melanosome biogenesis is not well studied. To address this point, melanosomes in neonatal epidermal melanocytes from wild-type (Dct+/Dct+) mice at the slaty locus as well as its congenic mouse mutant (Dct(slt)/Dct(slt)) in serum-free primary culture were observed under the electron microscope. Wild-type melanocytes possessed exclusively elliptical melanosomes with internal longitudinal structures, whereas in mutant melanocytes, numerous spherical melanosomes with globular depositions of pigment and elliptical melanosomes as well as mixed type of the two melanosomes were observed. Mature stage IV melanosomes were greatly decreased in mutant melanocytes, whereas immature stage III melanosomes were more numerous than in wild-type melanocytes. These results suggest that the slaty mutation affects the morphology and maturation of melanosomes in mouse melanocytes. 相似文献
102.
To select appropriate plant materials for a phylogeography of deciduous broad-leaved forests in Japan, we surveyed intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation in 34 species found in these forests. A relatively large number of intraspecific cpDNA variations were detected in ten species: Carpinus japonica (nucleotide diversity π=0.00083), C. laxiflora (π=0.00221), Magnolia obovata (π=0.00134), Lindera triloba (π=0.00255), L. obtusiloba (π=0.00289), Pourthiaea villosa var. leavis (π=0.00263), Acer japonicum (π=0.00170), A. micranthum (π=0.00237), Euonymus oxyphyllus (π=0.00322) and Styrax obassia (π=0.00100). 相似文献
103.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays an important role in the immune system, and its activity is composed of two kinetically distinct isozymes, ADA1 and ADA2. ADA2 is a major component of human plasma total ADA activity and ADA2 activity is significantly elevated in patients with various diseases such as HIV infection and chronic hepatitis. However, relatively little is known about ADA2 because of difficulties in purifying this enzyme. In this study we succeeded in purifying human plasma ADA2 and demonstrate the extracellular secretion of ADA2 from human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore. 相似文献
104.
105.
Hasegawa T Umeda M Numata M Li C Bae AH Fujisawa T Haraguchi S Sakurai K Shinkai S 《Carbohydrate research》2006,341(1):35-40
(1-->3)-beta-D-Glucans having various functional appendages (lactoside, ferrocene, pyrene, and porphyrin) can be prepared in an convenient, quantitative, and regioselective manner through regioselective bromination-azidation of curdlan to afford 6-azido-6-deoxycurdlan followed by chemoselective [3+2]-cycloadditions with various functional modules bearing a terminal alkyne group. The ability to monitor reaction conversions is an additional advantage of this synthetic approach over the conventional direct modifications on polysaccharides; the reaction can be readily monitored based on the intensity of azido peaks in the in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectra. 相似文献
106.
Tomoyo Takai Takao Takaya Mutsuko Nakano Hideo Akutsu Atsushi Nakagawa Saburo Aimoto Katsuya Nagai Takahisa Ikegami 《Journal of peptide science》2006,12(7):443-454
Orexins-A and B, also called hypocretins-1 and 2, respectively, are neuropeptides that regulate feeding and sleep-wakefulness by binding to two orphan G protein-coupled receptors named orexin-1 (OX(1)R) and orexin-2 (OX(2)R). The sequences and functions of orexins-A and B are similar to each other, but the high sequence homology (68%) is limited in their C-terminal half regions (residues 15-33). The sequence of the N-terminal half region of orexin-A (residues 1-14), containing two disulfide bonds, is very different from that of orexin-B. The structure of orexin-A was determined using two-dimensional homonuclear and (15)N and (13)C natural abundance heteronuclear NMR experiments. Orexin-A had a compact conformation in the N-terminal half region, which contained a short helix (III:Cys6-Gln9) and was fixed by the two disulfide bonds, and a helix-turn-helix conformation (I:Leu16-Ala23 and II:Asn25-Thr32) in the remaining C-terminal half region. The C-terminal half region had both hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues, which existed on separate surfaces to provide an amphipathic character in helices I and II. The nine residues on the hydrophobic surface are also well conserved in orexin-B, and it was reported that the substitution of each of them with alanine resulted in a significant drop in the functional potency at the receptors. Therefore, we suggest that they form the surface responsible for the main hydrophobic interaction with the receptors. On the other hand, the residues on the hydrophilic surface, together with the hydrophilic residues in the N-terminal half region that form a cluster, are known to make only small contributions to the binding to the receptors through similar alanine-scan experiments. However, since our structure of orexin-A showed that large conformational and electrostatical differences between orexins-A and B were rather concentrated in the N-terminal half regions, we suggest that the region of orexin-A is important for the preference for orexin-A of OX(1)R. 相似文献
107.
Masaaki Tanaka Norihiro Sadato Tomohisa Okada Kei Mizuno Tetsuya Sasabe Hiroki C Tanabe Daisuke N Saito Hirotaka Onoe Hirohiko Kuratsune Yasuyoshi Watanabe 《BMC neurology》2006,6(1):9
Background
Although the neural mechanism of chronic fatigue syndrome has been investigated by a number of researchers, it remains poorly understood. 相似文献108.
Daiber A Nauser T Takaya N Kudo T Weber P Hultschig C Shoun H Ullrich V 《Journal of inorganic biochemistry》2002,88(3-4):343-352
The mechanism of the heme-thiolate-dependent NADH-NO reductase (P450(NOR)) from Fusarium oxysporum was investigated by kinetic isotope effects including protio, [4S-2H]-, [4R-2H]-, [4,4(2)H(2)]-NADH and stopped-flow measurements. The respective kinetic isotope effects were measured at high NO concentrations and were found to be 1.7, 2.3 and 3.8 indicating a rate-limitation at the reduction step and a moderate stereoselectivity in binding of the cofactor NADH. In a different approach the kinetic isotope effects were determined directly for the reaction of the Fe(III)-NO complex with [4R-2H]- and [4S-2H]-NADH by stopped-flow spectroscopy. The resulting isotope effects were 2.7+/-0.4 for the R-form and 1.1+/-0.1 for the S-form. In addition the 444 nm intermediate could be chemically generated by addition of an ethanolic borohydride solution to the ferric-NO complex at -10 degrees C. In pulse radiolysis experiments a similar absorbing species could be observed when hydroxylamine radicals were generated in the presence of Fe (III) P450(NOR). Based on these results we postulate hydride transfer from NADH to the ferric P450-NO complex resulting in a ferric hydroxylamine-radical or ferryl hydroxylamine-complex and this step, as indicated by the kinetic isotope effects, to be rate-limiting at high concentrations of NO. However, at low concentrations of NO the decay of the 444 nm species becomes the rate-limiting step as envisaged by stopped-flow and optical kinetic measurements in a system in which NO was continuously generated. The last step in the catalytic cycle may proceed by a direct addition of the NO radical to the Fe-hydroxylamine complex or by electron transfer from the NO radical to the ferric-thiyl moiety in analogy to the postulated mechanisms of prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis by the corresponding P450 enzymes. The latter process of electron transfer could then constitute a common step in all heme-thiolate catalyzed reactions. 相似文献
109.
Matsunaga I Komori T Mori N Sugita M 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2012,419(4):687-691
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of non-tuberculous mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis-like diseases in humans. Unlike Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MAC expresses high levels of glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) containing a well-defined tetrapeptide-amino alcohol core, composed of D-phenylalanine, D-allo-threonine, D-alanine, and L-alaninol, that is modified with a fatty acid and sugar residues. Surprisingly, however, a careful scrutiny of the mass spectrum of MAC GPLs revealed the presence of ions that could not readily accountable for the known GPL structure. The magnitude of the ions was increased prominently when GPLs were isolated from the valine-supplemented culture, and the ions representing the authentic GPL species were diminished, suggesting the possibility that the basic structure of the peptide backbone might be altered in response to the exogenously added valine. Indeed, further mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and gas chromatography-MS analysis indicated a substitution of D-valine for the N-terminal D-phenylalanine of the tetrapeptide core, and the presence of D-valine and the absence of D-phenylalanine was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography, using the derivatized amino acid residues that were released from the tetrapeptide. Finally, specific antibodies to the purified valine-containing GPL species were detected in the serum of a MAC-infected guinea pig. Therefore, these results identify a new molecular species of MAC GPLs with immunogenic potential. 相似文献
110.
Furaquinocin is a natural polyketide-isoprenoid hybrid (meroterpenoid) produced by Streptomyces sp. strain KO-3988. All of the fur genes required for furaquinocin biosynthesis have been cloned, and the heterologous production of furaquinocin has been demonstrated in Streptomyces albus. Here, we report the identification of 8-amino-2,5,7-trihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (8-amino-flaviolin) produced by the S. albus heterologous expression of the three contiguous genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (Fur1), monooxygenase (Fur2), and aminotransferase (Fur3) in the furaquinocin biosynthetic gene cluster. An S. albus transformant (S. albus/pWHM-Fur2_del3) harboring the fur gene cluster and lacking the fur3 gene did not produce furaquinocin, whereas furaquinocin production was restored when 8-amino-flaviolin was added to the culture medium of S. albus/pWHM-Fur2_del3. These results demonstrate that Fur3 aminotransferase is essential for furaquinocin biosynthesis and that 8-amino-flaviolin is an early-stage intermediate in furaquinocin biosynthesis. We propose that the biosynthetic pathway generating 8-amino-flaviolin is the common route for the biosynthesis of Streptomyces meroterpenoids. 相似文献