Involvement of the Lipopolysaccharides of Azospirilla in the Interaction with Wheat Seedling Roots

The present study was undertaken to comparatively investigate the attachment capacities of Azospirillum brasilenseSp245 and its lipopolysaccharide-defective Omegon-Km mutants KM018 and KM252, as well as their activities with respect to the alteration of the morphology of wheat seedling root hairs. The adsorption dynamics of the parent Sp245 and mutant KM252 strains of azospirilla on the seedling roots of the soft spring wheat cv. Saratovskaya 29 were similar; however, the attachment capacity of the mutant KM252 was lower than that of the parent strain throughout the incubation period (15 min to 48 h). The mutation led to a considerable decrease in the hydrophobicity of the Azospirillumcell surface. The lipopolysaccharides extracted from the outer membrane of A. brasilenseSp245 and mutant cells with hot phenol and purified by chromatographic methods were found to induce the deformation of the wheat seedling root hairs, the lipopolysaccharide of the parent strain being the most active in this respect. The role of the carbohydrate moiety of lipopolysaccharides in the interaction of Azospirillumcells with plants is discussed.     

Physical work capacity of athletes with different types of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system

Indices of physical work capacity in athletes with different types of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system that are engaged in various kinds of sports and have sports ranks from Master of Sports to Grade 2 have been studied. It has been shown that the highest physical work capacity is typical of athletes that have the inotropic type of adaptation, and the lowest, of athletes with the chronotropic type of adaptation. High indices of physical work capacity were recorded in athletes with the respiratory type of adaptation. Types of adaptation affect the indices of physical work capacity, and it is possible to forecast sports results on their basis.     

Carcinogens can induce homologous recombination between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mouse L cells.

The ability of a series of DNA-damaging agents to induce homologous intrachromosomal recombination between duplicated genes in the chromosome of mouse cells was investigated. The target cells were the thymidine kinase-deficient mouse L-cell strain 333M, which contains a single integrated copy of a plasmid with two herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Htk) genes, each containing an 8-base-pair XhoI linker inserted at a unique site. Expression of a functional Htk enzyme requires a productive recombinational event between the two nonfunctional genes. The spontaneous rate of recombination in this strain is 3 per 10(6) cells per generation. The agents tested represent physical carcinogens (UV and ionizing radiation), a simple alkylating agent (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine), an alkylating cross-linking agent (mitomycin C), and a reactive metabolite of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ((+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [BPDE] ). The background frequency of tk+ recombinants in the untreated population averaged 18 X 10(-6) +/- 5 X 10(-6). Ionizing radiation had little or no effect on recombination; exposure to mitomycin C, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, BPDE, or UV, at doses that lowered the survival to between 90 and 10% of the control, caused a dose-dependent increase in frequency of recombinants, reaching 50 X 10(-6) to 100 X 10(-6). No tk+ cells could be generated with a control cell line that contained only one mutant copy of the Htk gene. Molecular hybridization analysis showed that 85 to 90% of the tk+ recombinants retained the Htk gene duplication, consistent with nonreciprocal transfer of wild-type genetic information, gene conversion. In the rest, only a single copy of the Htk gene remained, reflecting a single reciprocal exchange within a chromatid or a single unequal exchange between sister chromatids. Each recombinant tested contained an XhoI-resistant (wild-type) Htk gene.     

Some constituents of Pitavia punctata

Extracts from the stems and leaves of Pitavia punctata Mol. were examined. The neutral fraction yielded β-sitosterol, daucosterin, quercetin, avicularin, and the previously undescribed quercetin 3-rhamnosylarabinoside. Braylin was co-extracted with the basic constituents, dictamnine, skimmianine and γ-fagarine. Acid hydrolysis of the leaves yielded cyanidin and delphinidin.     

Gold nanoparticles disturb nuclear chromatin decondensation in mouse sperm in vitro

The effect of gold nanoparticles on mouse epididymal sperm has been studied using the model system of nuclear chromatin decondensation in vitro. It is shown that the treatment of gametes, preliminary membrane-freed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, in the mediums containing gold nanoparticles (with diameter ∼2.5 nm) in concentrations 1.0 × 10¹⁵ or 0.5 × 10¹⁵ particles/ml and following incubation in dithiothreitol solution (DTT) resulted in failure of chromatin decondensation process and nucleus structure. We conclude that gold nanoparticles possess spermatotoxicity. The mechanism of cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles may be related with their interaction with molecules of double-helix DNA. The model system studied in this research is applicable for further investigations of cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles of different origin and made of different metals.     

Biosynthesis of immunoglobulin A (IgA). Secretion and addition of carbohydrate to monomer and polymer forms of a mouse myeloma protein

Cell suspensions of mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 315 secreting predominantly IgA (immunoglobulin A) monomer and dimer were incubated with radioactive leucine, mannose, galactose and fucose for various periods of time. The amounts of secreted and intracellular immunoglobulins were measured by co-precipitation with specific antibody, and the molecular species present were assessed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Analysis of the secreted myeloma protein demonstrated that monomer and dimer IgA molecules are identical with respect to carbohydrate composition and rate of secretion. Within the cell, the myeloma protein is almost entirely accounted for by monomer units which either leave the cell as such or are polymerized with the addition of J chain close to the time of secretion. The results support the concept of a stepwise addition of carbohydrate residues to IgA immunoglobulin during the process of secretion. Similar patterns of carbohydrate assembly were found for the monomer or dimer molecules. Mannose residues are added at an early stage, whereas fucose is added close to the time of secretion. Galactose is also added early, but some may also be incorporated at a later stage. Control of IgA polymerization is considered unlikely to reflect regulation at the level of carbohydrate addition, and it is suggested that the critical controlling factor is the J chain.