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91.
Molecular coevolution among cryptically simple expansion segments of eukaryotic 26S/28S rRNAs 总被引:16,自引:4,他引:12
The set of "expansion segments" of any eukaryotic 26S/28S ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) gene is responsible for the bulk of the difference in length between
the prokaryotic 23S rRNA gene and the eukaryotic 26S/28S rRNA gene. The
expansion segments are also responsible for interspecific fluctuations in
length during eukaryotic evolution. They show a consistent bias in base
composition in any species; for example, they are AT rich in Drosophila
melanogaster and GC rich in vertebrate species. Dot-matrix comparisons of
sets of expansion segments reveal high similarities between members of a
set within any 28S rRNA gene of a species, in contrast to the little or
spurious similarity that exists between sets of expansion segments from
distantly related species. Similarities among members of a set of expansion
segments within any 28S rRNA gene cannot be accounted for by their
base-compositional bias alone. In contrast, no significant similarity
exists within a set of "core" segments (regions between expansion segments)
of any 28S rRNA gene, although core segments are conserved between species.
The set of expansion segments of a 26S/28S gene is coevolving as a unit in
each species, at the same time as the family of 28S rRNA genes, as a whole,
is undergoing continual homogenization, making all sets of expansion
segments from all ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays in a species similar in
sequence. Analysis of DNA simplicity of 26S/28S rRNA genes shows a direct
correlation between significantly high relative simplicity factors (RSFs)
and sequence similarity among a set of expansion segments. A similar
correlation exists between RSF values, overall rDNA lengths, and the
lengths of individual expansion segments. Such correlations suggest that
most length fluctuations reflect the gain and loss of simple sequence
motifs by slippage-like mechanisms. We discuss the molecular coevolution of
expansion segments, which takes place against a background of slippage-like
and unequal crossing-over mechanisms of turnover that are responsible for
the accumulation of interspecific differences in rDNA sequences.
相似文献
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In situ studies on incorporation of nucleic acid precursors into Chlamydia trachomatis DNA. 总被引:10,自引:6,他引:4 下载免费PDF全文
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that are dependent on eukaryotic host cells for ribonucleoside triphosphates. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Chlamydia trachomatis obtains deoxyribonucleotides from the host cell. The study was aided by the finding that host and parasite DNA synthesis activity could be distinguished by their differing sensitivities to aphidicolin and norfloxacin. Results from isotope incorporation experiments indicated that any nucleobase or ribonucleoside that could serve as a precursor for host DNA synthesis could also be utilized by C. trachomatis for DNA replication. C. trachomatis utilized only those precursors which the host cell converted to the nucleotide level. Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides were efficient precursors for host DNA synthesis; however, they were not used by C. trachomatis. On the other hand, purine deoxyribonucleosides are rapidly catabolized by host cells, it is necessary to regulate their metabolism to determine whether they serve as direct precursors for C. trachomatis DNA synthesis. This was partially achieved by using a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-negative cell line and using deoxycoformycin and 8-aminoguanosine as inhibitors of (deoxy)adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, respectively. The results indicated that purine deoxyribonucleosides are efficiently utilized for host cell DNA synthesis even if degradation pathways are inhibited and salvage to ribonucleotides is minimized. In sharp contrast, the purine deoxyribonucleosides were utilized by C. trachomatis as precursors for DNA synthesis only when host catabolic pathways and salvage reactions were intact. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of nucleotide pools extracted from host cells pulsed with radiolabeled precursors suggests that infected cells transport and phosphorylate all deoxynucleosides as effectively as mock-infected control cultures. In aggregate, these results show that chlamydiae do not take up deoxyribonucleotides from the host cells. 相似文献
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C S Buer K T Gahagan GA Swartzlander Jr P J Weathers 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1998,21(4-5):233-236
Comparison of the optical trapping efficiency of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens strains indicates the A. rhizogenes strain, ATCC 11325, is significantly less efficiently trapped than A. rhizogenes A4, ATCC 15834, and the A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Differences were also found in capsule generation, growth media viscosity, and transmission electron microscopy
negative staining. These observations imply a difference in surface structure exists. Calcofluor fluorescence suggests the
difference involves an exopolysaccharide.
Received 1 July 1998/ Accepted in revised form 5 October 1998 相似文献
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SUNG MIN BOO HAN SOON KIM WOONGGHI SHIN GA HUN BOO SUNG MI CHO BOK YEON JO JEE‐HWAN KIM JIN HEE KIM EUN CHAN YANG PETER A. SIVER ALEXANDER P. WOLFE DEBASHISH BHATTACHARYA ROBERT A. ANDERSEN HWAN SU YOON 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(19):4328-4338
The global distribution, abundance, and diversity of microscopic freshwater algae demonstrate an ability to overcome significant barriers such as dry land and oceans by exploiting a range of biotic and abiotic colonization vectors. If these vectors are considered unlimited and colonization occurs in proportion to population size, then globally ubiquitous distributions are predicted to arise. This model contrasts with observations that many freshwater microalgal taxa possess true biogeographies. Here, using a concatenated multigene data set, we study the phylogeography of the freshwater heterokont alga Synura petersenii sensu lato. Our results suggest that this Synura morphotaxon contains both cosmopolitan and regionally endemic cryptic species, co‐occurring in some cases, and masked by a common ultrastructural morphology. Phylogenies based on both proteins (seven protein‐coding plastid and mitochondrial genes) and DNA (nine genes including ITS and 18S rDNA) reveal pronounced biogeographic delineations within phylotypes of this cryptic species complex while retaining one clade that is globally distributed. Relaxed molecular clock calculations, constrained by fossil records, suggest that the genus Synura is considerably older than currently proposed. The availability of tectonically relevant geological time (107–108 years) has enabled the development of the observed, complex biogeographic patterns. Our comprehensive analysis of freshwater algal biogeography suggests that neither ubiquity nor endemism wholly explains global patterns of microbial eukaryote distribution and that processes of dispersal remain poorly understood. 相似文献
100.
植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用灰色关联度分析亚热带常绿阔叶林植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响。结果表明,所选取的植被状况参数对乔木幼苗物种多样性有不同的影响,对乔木幼苗物种多样性影响较大的是草本层的Simpson指数、灌木层Simpson指数和灌木层盖度,影响较小的为草本层盖度和灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数。乔木幼苗4个物种多样性指数受植被状况影响的顺序为:Pielou均匀性指数>Shannon-Wiener指数>物种丰富度指数>Simpson指数。草本层、灌木层和乔木层对乔木幼苗的物种多样性有不同的影响,其影响方式也不一样。 相似文献