严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒N蛋白对甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量的影响

目的:研究严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)N蛋白对甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量的影响。方法:检测分析144例SARS患者甘油三脂和总胆固醇含量在发病后的变化;将小鼠随机分组,分别注射生理盐水和SARS-CoV N蛋白,连续给药9 d后检测小鼠血清中甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量的变化。结果:SARS患者的甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量随发病时间有升高变化(P0.05),在发病40 d前后甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量超标的病例数占本时间段内的病例数的比例显著高于其他时间段,而且超标的含量也明显升高。SARS-CoV N蛋白使小鼠体重明显高于对照组(P0.05),甘油三酯含量在39和51 d明显高于对照组(P0.05),总胆固醇含量在21和39 d也明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:SARS-CoV N蛋白可以升高小鼠的甘油三酯和总胆固醇的含量,其升高最为明显的时间段与SARS患者的甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量升高的时间段基本一致。由此推测,SARS-CoV N蛋白可能是促使SARS患者发病后甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量升高的重要原因。     

Temporal relationship of autophagy and apoptosis in neurons challenged by low molecular weight β‐amyloid peptide

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging‐related progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Previous studies suggested that various soluble Aβ species are neurotoxic and able to activate apoptosis and autophagy, the type I and type II programmed cell death, respectively. However, the sequential and functional relationships between these two cellular events remain elusive. Here we report that low molecular weight Aβ triggered cleavage of caspase 3 and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase to cause neuronal apoptosis in rat cortical neurons. On the other hand, Aβ activated autophagy by inducing autophagic vesicle formation and autophagy related gene 12 (ATG12), and up‐regulated the lysoso‐mal machinery for the degradation of autophagosomes. Moreover, we demonstrated that activation of autophagy by Aβ preceded that of apoptosis, with death associated protein kinase phosphorylation as the potential molecular link. More importantly, under Aβ toxicity, neurons exhibiting high level of autophagosome formation were absent of apoptotic features, and inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methylade‐nine advanced neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy can protect neurons from Aβ‐induced apoptosis.     

The Atg8 and Atg12 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in macroautophagy. 'Protein modifications: beyond the usual suspects' review series

As a lysosomal/vacuolar degradative pathway that is conserved in eukaryotic organisms, autophagy mediates the turnover of long-lived proteins and excess or aberrant organelles. The main characteristic of autophagy is the formation of a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome, which envelops part of the cytoplasm and delivers it to the lysosome/vacuole for breakdown and eventual recycling of the degradation products. Among the approximately 30 autophagy-related (Atg) genes identified so far, there are two ubiquitin-like proteins, Atg12 and Atg8. Analogous to ubiquitination, Atg12 is conjugated to Atg5 by Atg7--an E1-like protein--and Atg10--an E2-like protein. Similarly, Atg7 and Atg3 are the respective E1-like and E2-like proteins that mediate the conjugation of Atg8 to phosphatidylethanolamine. Both Atg12-Atg5 and Atg8 localize to the developing autophagosome. The Atg12-Atg5 conjugate facilitates the lipidation of Atg8 and directs its correct subcellular localization. Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine is probably a scaffold protein that supports membrane expansion and the amount present correlates with the size of autophagosomes.     

中国龟鳖物种多样性及濒危现状

本文对1949年以来我国龟鳖动物的新种和新记录、物种多样性和名录变化状况作了述评,分析了中国龟鳖物种多样性的特点及濒危现状。我国现存龟鳖动物1目6科21属41种。     

神府东胜煤田弃土弃渣体径流产沙过程的野外试验

采用野外模拟降雨试验方法,研究了神府东胜煤田开采造成的弃土弃渣体产流产沙规律及其减水减沙效益.结果表明： 随降雨强度的增大,弃土弃渣体产流的起始时间呈递减趋势,且差异达几倍至十几倍.弃渣体比弃土体更快到达稳定流速,平均流速大小为弃土体>沙多石少弃渣体>沙少石多弃渣体.弃土弃渣体产流6 min后的径流率达到稳定,与降雨强度呈显著相关.弃土弃渣体侵蚀主要发生在产流开始后的前6 min,弃土体产流后前6 min的平均含沙量是6 min后的0.43～4.27倍,弃渣体为1.43～54.93倍.弃土体和沙多石少弃渣体径流量与降雨强度呈线性函数关系,沙少石多弃渣体呈幂函数关系.弃土体和沙少石多弃渣体的次侵蚀量与降雨强度之间分别呈指数函数和幂函数相关.弃土体侵蚀量与径流量呈线性函数关系.在降雨强度为1.0和1.5 mm·min^-1条件下,弃渣体采用鱼鳞坑及植被防护的产流滞后降雨时间为24 min,减水效益为29.5%～52.9%,减沙效益为85.7%～97.9%.     

MicroRNAs and their role in viral infection

Recently, a class of about 22 nucleotides (nt) small RNA has been discovered in many eukaryotes, termed microRNAs (miRNAs), which have a variety of functions. Many recent findings have demonstrated that viruses can also encode their own miRNAs. Meanwhile, other findings reveal a relationship between host miRNA and viral infection. These findings suggest a tight relationship between host and viral infection via miRNA pathway. This article introduces the miRNAs encoded by viruses and reviews the advances of the interaction of the mammalian host miRNAs and viral infection.     

A review of EEG and MEG for brainnetome research

The majority of brain activities are performed by functionally integrating separate regions of the brain. Therefore, the synchronous operation of the brain’s multiple regions or neuronal assemblies can be represented as a network with nodes that are interconnected by links. Because of the complexity of brain interactions and their varying effects at different levels of complexity, one of the corresponding authors of this paper recently proposed the brainnetome as a new –ome to explore and integrate the brain network at different scales. Because electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are noninvasive and have outstanding temporal resolution and because they are the primary clinical techniques used to capture the dynamics of neuronal connections, they lend themselves to the analysis of the neural networks comprising the brainnetome. Because of EEG/MEG’s applicability to brainnetome analyses, the aim of this review is to identify the procedures that can be used to form a network using EEG/MEG data in sensor or source space and to promote EEG/MEG network analysis for either neuroscience or clinical applications. To accomplish this aim, we show the relationship of the brainnetome to brain networks at the macroscale and provide a systematic review of network construction using EEG and MEG. Some potential applications of the EEG/MEG brainnetome are to use newly developed methods to associate the properties of a brainnetome with indices of cognition or disease conditions. Associations based on EEG/MEG brainnetome analysis may improve the comprehension of the functioning of the brain in neuroscience research or the recognition of abnormal patterns in neurological disease.     

芦荟苷A、B以及异芦荟色苷D的同时分离纯化

首次采用反相中压制备色谱从芦荟中一次分离制备得到芦荟苷A、B以及异芦荟色苷D。以库拉索芦荟丙酮粗提物为原料,采用中压制备色谱系统:SCO色谱柱(40 cm×26 cm,30～50μm),流动相甲醇-0.5%乙酸水(33∶67,V/V),流速20 mL/min,等度洗脱方式,柱温室温,检测波长254 nm,收集波长356 nm对芦荟样品进行分离制备,得到三种化合物单体。经高效液相色谱、紫外、红外、质谱及核磁共振等方法分析表明所得到的三种化合物分别是异芦荟色苷D、芦荟苷A和芦荟苷B,其纯度分别达到了98.0%,96.0%和98.9%。该方法简便,产品质量高,一次制备可以得到多种单体,为芦荟成分的测定与药理活性的研究提供了条件。