哈巴德布鲁克生态系统（H. B. E.）及其五号流域（W-5）研究

一、前言哈巴德布鲁克实验林(Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest)位于美国东北部新罕布什尔州中部的白山国家森林中。该地区位于典型温带湿润气候区内,年平均降水量为129.5cm,全年月平均降水量变化不大,冬雪夏雨。蒸发蒸腾量以每年6—9月为最大(Likens等,1977;Bormann等,1979)。该实验林为北美温带落叶阔叶林,属红果云杉(Picea rubens)-阔叶林。Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study(HBES)是开始最     

A rapid fluorometric DNA assay for the measurement of cell density and proliferation in vitro

Summary Many research efforts require the accurate determination of cell density in vitro. However, physical cell counting is inaccurate, time-intensive and requires removal of the cells from their growth environment, thereby introducing a host of potential artifacts. The current studies document a very simple method of determining cell density in microtiter wells via DNA-enhanced fluorescence. Fixed cells are stained with the A-T intercalating DNA stains DAPI or Hoechst 33342 and then fluorescence is quantified in a plate fluorometer. Fluorescence is shown to be linearly related to cell density as determined by two physical counting methods. The validity of the method is established in determining serum-stimulated growth of smooth muscle cells and in mitogen-induced growth of endothelial cells. The fixed cells can be stored for prolonged periods, thus allowing time-course proliferation assays without interassay variations. The fixed cells are also suitable for determinations of antigens of interest by ELISA. This method is potentially valuable in many in vitro systems where the quantification of cell density and proliferation is necessary. This work supported in part by NIH Cardiovascular Training Grant HL07423 and a grant from the American Federation for Aging Research to T. M. and HL35724 to B. W. EDITOR’S STATEMENT The technique described in this paper represents an approach to quantifying cell density in adherent monolayers of cultured cells in microtiter wells that is rapid and simple and does not require radioisotopes or removal of cells.     

Calcium entry in rat parotid acinar cells

Conclusions While it is generally accepted that Ca²⁺ plays an important regulatory role in the physiology of a number of non-excitable cells, the mechanisms which regulate intracellular [Ca²⁺ are far from well established. Ca²⁺ transporting mechanisms which distribute Ca²⁺ intracellularly as well as those which allow influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ are involved in mediating intracellular Ca²⁺ homestasis. In this paper we have described recent studies on the regulation of the Ca²⁺ influx system in the data, it appears that the process of Ca²⁺ entry is extremely complex and may involve several levels of regulation. Understanding the molecular basis of these regulatory mechanisms presents a challeging problem for future studies.     

Effects of feeding enrichment on behavior of three species of captive bears

Bears are extremely popular among the zoo-going public, yet while many zoo exhibits have undergone dramatic design changes in recent years, most bears continue to be housed in moated grottos constructed largely of gunite. In these traditional exhibits they frequently demonstrate stereotypic locomotor patterns and are often encouraged by the public to beg. Thus, the manner in which most captive bears are exhibited does not facilitate conservation education. It is possible, however, to provide bears with opportunities to demonstrate species-typical feeding and foraging behaviors, even in standard exhibits. Subjects were four individuals of three bear species. Feeding enrichment was provided to one bear per week during three mornings during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Overall, animals were more active, less passive and less often engaged in abnormal behaviors during sessions with enrichment. Effects showed individual variation and were more profound during the second year of the study, when a greater variety of enrichment items was presented. These results suggest that simple and inexpensive methods of enrichment may have a significant, positive influence on the behavior of captive bears. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

In vivo ionizing irradiations produce deletions in the hprt gene of human T-lymphocytes

The hprt T-lymphocyte cloning assay, which detects mutations occurring in vivo in humans, has been used to examine mutants induced in patients receiving radioimmunoglobulin therapy (RIT) for cancer. Samples from 13 patients before treatment (controls) and 15 samples from 12 patients after treatment were studied for both mutant frequencies and molecular changes in the hprt mutant T-cell clones. Patients were studied up to 48 months after treatment. Post-RIT patients showed increased mutant frequencies as compared to pre-treatment values. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis of mutant T-cell clones demonstrated that 84% arose independently, both pre- and post-treatment, which is the same proportion as seen in normal individuals. However, several individuals did show large sets of mutants with the same TCR gene rearrangement patterns. Molecular analysis of mutants demonstrated a greater proportion of mutations with hprt gene changes on Southern blots after RIT treatment than before (40% versus 20%). RIT increases the proportion of mutations with total rather than partial gene deletions or other gross structural changes compared to normal individuals or pre-treatment patients. These studies are defining the spectrum for radiation-induced hprt gene mutations in vivo in human T-lymphocytes.     

Differential accumulation of four phaseolin glycoforms in transgenic tobacco

An intron-less phaseolin gene [15] was used to express phaseolin polypeptides in transgenic tobacco plants. The corresponding amounts of phaseolin immunoreactive polypeptides and mRNA were similar to those found in plants transformed with a bean genomic DNA sequence that encodes an identical -phaseolin subunit. These results justified the use of the intron-less gene for engineering of the phaseolin protein by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Each and both of the two Asn residues that serve as glycan acceptors in wild-type phaseolin were modified to prevent N-linked glycosylation. Wild-type (wt^i–) and mutant phaseolin glycoforms (dgly ₁, dgly ₂ and dgly _1,2) were localized to the protein body matrix by immunogold microscopy. Although quantitative slot-blot hybridization analysis showed similar levels of phaseolin mRNA in transgenic seed derived from all constructs, seed from the dgly ₁ and dgly ₂ mutations contained only 41% and 73% of that expressed from the wild-type control; even less (23%) was present in seed of plants transformed with the phaseolin dgly _1,2 gene. Additionally, the profile of 25–29 kDa processed peptides was different for each of the glycoforms, indicating that processing of the full-length phaseolin polypeptides was modified. Thus, although targeting of phaseolin to the protein body was not eliminated by removal of the glycan side-chains, decreased accumulation and stability of the full-length phaseolin protein in transgenic tobacco seed were evident.Abbreviations bp base pair(s) - DAF days after flowering - GUS -glucuronidase - kb kilobase - kDa kilodalton     

Mycorrhizae and forest ecosystems

Summary Mycorrhizae play an important role in regulating patterns of energy and nutrient flux in terrestrial ecosystems. To conceptualize this role I develop the theory behind a simple index of the efficiency of soil resource acquisition by plant root systems (E). The morphological, physiological and demographic characteristics of mycorrhizae that define E appear to vary with environment and with plant community composition. This theory is elaborated with examples drawn from forest ecology literature. Some inconsistencies among observations of fine root dynamics are particularly revealing: (1) belowground carbon allocation vs soil fertility; (2) causes of root mortality; (3) root longevity vs decomposition rates. A comprehensive theory of mycorrhizal and ecosystem dynamics must await resolution of these inconsistencies and better quantitative information on mycorrhizal features affecting E.     

A homologue of the Escherichia coli DsbA protein involved in disulphide bond formation is required for enterotoxin biogenesis in Vibrio cholerae

A strain of Vibrio cholerae, which had been engineered to express high levels of the non-toxic B subunit (EtxB) of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, was subjected to transposon (TnphoA) mutagenesis. Two chromosomal TnphoA insertion mutations of the strain were isolated that showed a severe defect in the amount of EtxB produced. The loci disrupted by TnphoA in the two mutant derivatives were cloned and sequenced, and this revealed that the transposon had inserted at different sites in the same gene. The open reading frame of the gene predicts a 200-amino-acid exported protein, with a Cys-X-X-Cys motif characteristic of thioredoxin, protein disulphide isomerase, and DsbA (a periplasmic protein required for disulphide bond formation in E. coli). The V. cholerae protein exhibited 40% identity with the DsbA protein of E. coli, including 90% identity in the region of the active-site motif. Introduction of a plasmid encoding E. coli DsbA into the V. cholerae TnphoA derivatives was found to restore enterotoxin formation, whilst expression of Etx or EtxB in a dsbA mutant of E. coli confirmed that DsbA is required for enterotoxin formation in E. coli. These results suggest that, since each EtxB subunit contains a single intramolecular disulphide bond, a transient intermolecular interaction with DsbA occurs during toxin subunit folding which catalyses formation of the disulphide in vivo.