Daily and annual variations of free fatty acid, glycerol and leptin plasma concentrations in goats (Capra hircus) under different photoperiods

The aim of the study was to differentiate the impact of lighting conditions and feeding times on the regulation of lipid metabolism of goats under different photoperiods throughout the year. Seven Finnish landrace goats were kept under artificial lighting that simulated the annual changes of photoperiod at 60 degrees N (the longest light period 18 h, the shortest 6 h). Ambient temperature and feeding regime were kept constant. Blood samples were collected six times a year at 2-h intervals for 2 days, first in light/dark (LD) conditions and then after 3 days in constant darkness (DD). Significant daily variations were detected in the concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol throughout the year. The nocturnal decrease and morning rise of FFA levels were related to the photoperiod, while the trough levels of glycerol were associated with the concentrate meal times. In DD conditions, FFA and glycerol rhythms were unstable. A significant seasonal variation was detected in the overall FFA and glycerol levels suggesting decreased lipogenesis in winter, increased lipolysis in spring and high lipogenesis in summer and fall. There was no significant daily rhythm in serum leptin levels, nor did the profiles in LD and DD conditions differ. The leptin level was slightly lower in early fall than in the other seasons, paralleling a small decrease of body mass in the goats after the grazing season. The daily or annual variations of FFA and glycerol levels were not clearly related to leptin concentrations. The results suggest that lipid metabolism of goats is regulated by light even in constant temperature and feeding conditions; however, no significant contribution of leptin levels could be shown.     

Dual 5-HT1A agonists and 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors by combination of indole-butyl-amine and chromenonyl-piperazine structural elements in a single molecular entity

The dual serotonin (5-HT) re-uptake inhibitor and 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist vilazodone was found to increase central serotonin levels in rat brain. In the course of structural modifications of vilazodone 3-[4-[4-(2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-1-piperazinyl]-butyl]-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile 8i and its fluorine analogue 6-[4-[4-(5-fluor-3-indolyl)-butyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one have been identified. These unsubstituted chromenones are equally potent at the 5-HT(1A) receptor and 5-HT transporter. The implementation of nitrogen functionalities in position 3 of the chromenones resulted in compounds acting as agonists at the 5-HT(1A) receptor and as 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors like vilazodone. Ex vivo 5-HT re-uptake inhibition and in vitro 5-HT agonism were determined in the PCA- and GTPgammaS-assay, respectively. The potential of these chromenones to increase central 5-HT levels was measured in microdialysis studies and especially the derivatives 3-[4-[4-(3-amino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl]-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile 8f, ethyl (6-[4-[4-(5-cyano-1H-indol-3-yl)-butyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-carbamate 8h and N-(6-[4-[4-(5-cyano-1H-indol-3-yl)-butyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-acetamide 8k give rise to rapid development of increased serotonin levels in rat brain cortex, lasting longer than 3h.     

An in vitro long-term culture model for normal human mammary gland: expression and regulation of steroid receptors

Steroids and their nuclear receptors play crucial roles in the development and maintenance of normal functions of the human mammary gland (HMG). They have also been implicated in breast carcinogenesis. However, the study of steroid action in normal HMG has been hampered by experimental difficulties. By using a newly established in vitro long-term culture method, we successfully cultured normal HMG tissue for more than 2 months without detriment to its morphology or steroid receptor expression. Expression of the cellular structural and extracellular matrix proteins was similar to that prior to culture, and HMG tissue retained its properties of steroid receptor expression and regulation. Addition of 17-beta estrogen to mammary tissues markedly increased the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) but only slightly affected that of the estrogen receptor (ER). Medroxyprogesterone acetate down-regulated the expression of PR within 24-48 h and also increased the expression of androgen receptor. When HMG tissue was cultured in medium containing normal or dextran-coated charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum or normal human serum, the expression and regulation of steroid hormone receptors were similar, although different in extent. When serum was omitted, the morphology of HMG was normal after 1 week, but the expression and regulation of ER and PR were altered. Thus, as HMGs retain the capacity to express steroid receptors in culture, this long-term culture system is probably a good model for studying the regulation of the mammary gland by steroids.     

The structural basis of receptor-binding by Escherichia coli associated with diarrhea and septicemia

GafD in Escherichia coli G (F17) fimbriae is associated with diarrheal disease, and the structure of the ligand-binding domain, GafD1-178, has been determined at 1.7A resolution in the presence of the receptor sugar N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The overall fold is a beta-barrel jelly-roll fold. The ligand-binding site was identified and localized to the side of the molecule. Receptor binding is mediated by side-chain as well main-chain interactions. Ala43-Asn44, Ser116-Thr117 form the sugar acetamide specificity pocket, while Asp88 confers tight binding and Trp109 appears to position the ligand. There is a disulfide bond that rigidifies the acetamide specificity pocket. The three fimbrial lectins, GafD, FimH and PapG share similar beta-barrel folds but display different ligand-binding regions and disulfide-bond patterns. We suggest an evolutionary path for the evolution of the very diverse fimbrial lectins from a common ancestral fold.     

Vasopressin type 1A receptor up-regulation by cyclosporin A in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by superoxide

Based on our previous results, we investigated whether cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced vasopressin type 1A receptor up-regulation was mediated by free radicals. We report that CsA analogues with different affinities for cyclophilin and calcineurin were able to up-regulate vasopressin type 1A receptor and to generate free radicals in smooth muscle cells independently of calcineurin. Further, we demonstrate that the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked the increase in vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels induced by CsA and that low concentrations of prooxidants were able to directly increase vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels. In addition, short exposure to CsA or pro-oxidants was sufficient to significantly increase vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels. Using cell-permeable forms of superoxide dismutase and catalase, we finally show that superoxide mediates the CsA-induced effects on vasopressin type 1A receptor. These results provide strong evidence that CsA-induced superoxide generation is causally involved in vasopressin type 1A receptor expression and demonstrate for the first time that low physiological concentrations of radicals, most probably superoxide, are able to directly affect cellular signaling to increase vasopressin type 1A receptor expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.     

Endostatin inhibits human tongue carcinoma cell invasion and intravasation and blocks the activation of matrix metalloprotease-2, -9, and -13

Endostatin, a 20-kDa collagen XVIII fragment, inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), a family of extracellular and membrane-associated endopeptidases, collectively digest almost all extracellular matrix and basement membrane components, and thus play an important role in tumor progression. We studied the effects of recombinant human endostatin on human MMP-2, -9, -8, and -13. We found that endostatin inhibited the activation and catalytic activity of pro-MMP-9 and -13 as well as recombinant pro-MMP-2. It prevented the fragmentation of pro-MMP-2 that was associated with reduction of catalytic activity. Endostatin had no effect on MMP-8 as shown by collagenase activity assays. An in vitro migration assay and an in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane intravasation assay with the human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC-3 revealed the biphasic nature of endostatin; low endostatin concentrations inhibited intravasation and migration of these cells in a dose-dependent manner, but at increased concentrations, the inhibitory effect was far less efficient. The results show that endostatin blocks the activation and activities of certain tumor-associated pro-MMPs, such as pro-MMP-2, -9, and -13, which may explain, at least in part, the antitumor effect of endostatin. Our results also suggest that endostatin inhibits tumor progression by directly affecting the tumor cells and not just acting via endothelial cells and blockage of angiogenesis.     

Characterization of recombinant soluble macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO

MARCO is a type II transmembrane protein of the class A scavenger receptor family. It has a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane domain, and a large extracellular part composed of a 75-residue long spacer domain, a 270-residue collagenous domain, and a 99-residue long scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain. Previous studies have indicated a role for this receptor in anti-microbial host defense functions. In this work we have produced the extracellular part of MARCO as a recombinant protein, and analyzed its binding properties. The production of this protein, soluble MARCO (sMARCO), has made it possible for the first time to study MARCO and its binding properties in a cell-free system. Using circular dichroism analyses, a protease-sensitive assay, and rotary shadowing electron microscopy, sMARCO was shown to have a triple-helical collagenous structure. Rotary shadowing also demonstrated that the molecules often associate with each other via the globes. sMARCO was found to bind avidly both heat-killed and living bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide, an important component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, was shown to be a ligand of MARCO. Studies with different bacterial strains indicated that the O-side chain of lipopolysaccharide is not needed for the bacterial recognition. Finally, the C-terminal SRCR domain was also produced as a recombinant protein, and its bacteria-binding capability was studied. Although the transfection experiments with transmembrane MARCO variants have indicated a crucial role for this domain in bacterial binding, the monomeric domain exhibited low, barely detectable bacteria-binding activity. Thus, it is possible that cooperation between the SRCR domain and the collagenous domain is needed for high-affinity bacterial binding, or that the SRCR domain has to be in a trimeric form to effectively bind to bacteria.     

Divergent role for TNF-alpha in IFN-gamma-induced killing of Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella typhimurium contributes to selective susceptibility of patients with partial IFN-gamma receptor 1 deficiency

Patients with defects in IFN-gamma- or IL-12-mediated immunity are susceptible to infections with Salmonella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria, but rarely suffer from infections with other intracellular pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii. Here we describe macrophage and T cell function in eight individuals with partial IFN-gamma receptor 1 (IFN-gammaR1) deficiency due to a mutation that results in elevated cell surface expression of a truncated IFN-gammaR1 receptor that lacks the intracellular domain. We show that various effector mechanisms dependent on IFN-gammaR signaling are affected to different extents. Whereas TNF-alpha production was normally up-regulated in response to IFN-gamma, IL-12 production and CD64 up-regulation were strongly reduced, and IFN-gamma-mediated killing of the intracellular pathogens Salmonella typhimurium and T. gondii was completely abrogated in patient's macrophages. Since these patients suffer selectively from infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Salmonella, but not T. gondii, despite sero-immunity in six of eight patients, which indicates previous contact with this pathogen, we next studied the role of TNF-alpha as a possible immune compensatory mechanism. IFN-gamma-induced killing of T. gondii appeared to be partially mediated by TNF-alpha, and addition of TNF-alpha could compensate for the abrogated killing of T. gondii in the patient's macrophages. In contrast, IFN-gamma-mediated killing of S. typhimurium appeared to be independent of TNF-alpha. We propose that the divergent role of TNF-alpha in IFN-gamma-induced killing of T. gondii and S. typhimurium may at least partially explain the highly selective susceptibility of patients.     

Characterization of legumain

The mammalian legumain, also called asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), is critically involved in the processing of bacterial antigens for MHC class II presentation. In order to investigate the substrate specificity of AEP in the P1' position, we created a peptide library and digested it with purified pig kidney AEP. Digestion was less efficient only when proline was in the P1' position. Maximum AEP activity was found in lysosomal fractions of different types of antigen presenting cells (APC). When the multiple sclerosis-associated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) was digested with AEP, the immunodominant epitope 83-99 was destroyed. Myoglobin as an alternative substrate was AEP resistant. These results suggest an important, but not necessarily critical role for AEP in lysosomal antigen degradation.     

Effects of training on the exercise-induced changes in serum amino acids and hormones

The purpose of this study was to examine power-type athletes to determine changes in amino acid and hormone concentrations in circulating blood following 2 different high-intensity exercise sessions before and after the 5-week training period. Eleven competitive male sprinters and jumpers performed 2 different running exercise sessions: a short run session (SRS) of 3 x 4 x 60 m (intensity of 91-95%) with recoveries of 120 and 360 seconds, and a long run session (LRS) with 20-second intervals (intensity of 56-100%) with recoveries of 100 seconds to exhaustion. The concentrations of serum amino acids, hormones, and lactate were determined from the blood samples drawn after an overnight fast and 10 minutes before and after both SRS and LRS. The average blood lactate concentrations were 12.7 +/- 1.6 mmol;pdL(-1) and 16.6 +/- 1.4 mmol;pdL(-1) (p < 0.01) following SRS and LRS, respectively. The average total running time was longer (p < 0.001) following LRS (164 +/- 20 seconds) than following SRS (91 +/- 8 seconds). The fasting levels of all amino acids decreased (p = 0.024; 19.4%) after the 5-week period, whereas an increase (p = 0.007; 24.5%) was observed in the fasting concentration of testosterone (TE). The exercise sessions induced no changes in the total sum of all amino acids, but significant increases or decreases were observed in single amino acids. When the range of the relative concentration changes before and after the training period was compared, significant decreases were found in valine (p = 0.048), asparagine (p = 0.029), and taurine (p = 0.030) following SRS. There were significant increases in the absolute hormonal concentration changes following LRS with TE (p = 0.002; 30.4%), cortisol (COR; p = 0.006; 12.0%), and in the TE/COR ratio (p = 0.047; 21.0%) but not in the concentration of growth hormone (GH). The results of the study indicate that the speed and strength training period strongly decreases the fasting concentrations of amino acids in the power-trained athletes in a good anabolic state with the daily protein intake of 1.26 g;pdkg(-1) body weight. At the same time the intensive lactic exercise session induces strong decreases, especially in valine, asparagine, and taurine.