Mantled Howler (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Alouatta palliata</Emphasis>) Arboreal Pathway Networks: Relative Impacts of Resource Availability and Forest Structure

Numerous studies have concluded that primates move about their environments in a nonrandom manner, frequently traveling between consecutive foraging sites along relatively straight-line paths. However, primates do not always take the most direct path between resources, and a number of species have been observed to travel repeatedly along a network of the same arboreal pathways. In this study, I used spatially explicit techniques to examine quantitatively what mantled howler monkey groups on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, accomplish by selecting nonlinear paths between resources and by repeatedly using the same paths within an arboreal network. Results show that chosen arboreal paths between sites where foraging occurred have higher levels of resource availability and canopy connectivity than comparable straight-line paths between the same sites. When comparing the relative importance of these factors, autologistic models of pathway choice indicate that though canopy connectivity is related to the location of repeatedly used arboreal pathway networks, the most statistically significant predictor is resource availability (both on a path and within a visual detection distance of a path). These results provide support for the hypothesis that repeated use of arboreal pathway networks aids in resource monitoring and acquisition. In addition, statistical models developed from 1 primary focal group’s travel patterns had high predictive value when employed to generate likely locations for arboreal pathways in the home ranges of 3 neighboring groups. This finding has important implications for studies of primate habitat use and seed dispersal, as it suggests that different groups consistently use similar characteristics when deciding on travel paths.     

Rank-Related Fitness Differences and Their Demographic Pathways in Semi-Free-Ranging Rhesus Macaques (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Macaca mulatta</Emphasis>)

Researchers have explored the fitness consequences of female dominance hierarchies in many primate populations, with most studies highlighting differences in age of maturation, fertility, and offspring survival. We use resampling techniques and van Tienderen’s (2000) elasticity path analysis to identify rank-related differences in finite rate of increase (λ) and their demographic correlates among segments of a semi-free-ranging rhesus macaque population. Higher-ranking population segments grew at greater rates for some portions of the 40-yr study period. The female members of these segments achieved these lifetime fitness differences through higher fertility and especially higher adult survival rates. This is the first clear evidence that social rank influences female primate adult survival, and is a crucial fitness component for any long-lived, slow-reproducing animal. Traditional methods of comparing lifespans, and other life history variables, among rank categories fail to identify most of the rank-related differences primarily because they require completed life histories that are available only on a small number of the females known in the population.     

All Together Now: The Need for a Combined Empirical and Modeling Approach When Studying Primate Group Coordination

Studies of collective decision making attempt to explain the simultaneous behaviors of many individuals and how these contribute to the behavior observed at a collective level. However, this can be problematic to achieve given the general constraints of field or experimental data. This is particularly the case for primates, and results in limited reproducibility of events and it is difficult to separate the effects of different variables. Advocates of theoretical models have proposed that simple rules of interaction successfully reproduce different phases of group movement and the transitions between them, and greatly contribute to our knowledge of complex phenomena. Models can simulate practically any situation and tell us what response would emerge from it, including complex situations such as group decision making. The general heuristic value of these models has been universally recognized. However, the modeling approach tends to oversimplify real situations, and very few biological validations yet exist. I here suggest that it is essential to confront theoretical results with real data and that the combination of the 2 approaches will substantially improve our comprehension of collective decision making.     

Variation of phenotype,ploidy level,and organogenic potential of in vitro regenerated polyploids of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Pyrus communis</Emphasis>

A wide range of phenotypic variation was observed among neopolyploids obtained from the diploid pear cultivar ‘Fertility’ by in vitro colchicine treatment. The variant plantlets had alterations in leaf characteristics. Neopolyploids had significantly different ratios of leaf length to leaf width compared to the diploid control. Shoot regeneration from leaf explants and rooting ability from in vitro shoots of neopolyploids was examined. Regeneration frequencies of shoots from leaf explants of seven of the nine neopolyploids were significantly decreased compared to the diploid control. The organogenic potential of neopolyploids was highly genotype-dependent for both shoots and roots. Tetraploid clone 4x − 4 failed to regenerate shoots from leaf explants and the pentaploid clone 5x − 2 failed to root from in vitro shoots. The results suggest that polyploidization caused the decrease in or loss of in vitro organogenic potential. Regenerated shoots derived from neopolyploids showed different phenotypes, depending on the ploidy of the donor plant.     

An efficient protocol for stimulating cell development in protoplast culture of S<Emphasis Type=Italic>caevola</Emphasis>

Scaevola, characterised by unique fan-shaped flowers, is an Australian endemic ornamental having a great commercial potential. The breeding of Scaevola however is limited due to poor seed germination, therefore it is critical to understand the embryogenesis in Scaevola so as to facilitate its breeding improvement programs. Direct differentiation of embryo structures was first reported here in mesophyll protoplast cultures of Scaevola aemula. The isolated protoplasts initiated cell division when cultured in KM or MS medium. Higher plating efficiencies were observed in the medium containing a combination of NAA and BAP in contrast to 2,4-D and BAP. The formation of globular embryo structures was successfully achieved. This protoplast culture system can be utilized as an experimental platform for the study of embryogenic differentiation of cells. It may open new vistas to investigate the seed development at molecular and cellular levels in Scaevola and related Australian native plants that are well known for their low seed viability and germination.     

Jurassic mountain building and Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps as proven in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany)

New data from the Berchtesgaden Alps result in a reconstruction of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic history of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The closure of the western part of the Neotethys Ocean started in the late Early Jurassic and is evidenced by the onset of thick clay-rich sediments in the outer shelf area (=Hallstatt realm). The Middle to early Late Jurassic contraction is documented by the migration of trench-like basins formed in front of a propagating thrust belt. Due to ophiolite obduction, these basins propagated from the outer shelf area, forming there the Bajocian to Oxfordian Hallstatt Mélange, to the Hauptdolomit/Dachstein platform area, where the Oxfordian Rofan and Tauglboden Mélanges were formed. The basins were separated by nappe fronts forming structural highs. This scenario mirrors syn-orogenic erosion and deposition in an evolving thrust belt. Active basin formation and nappe thrusting ended around the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary, which was followed by the onset of carbonate platforms on structural highs prograding towards the former basins in latest Oxfordian to Early Tithonian time. Underfilled basins remained between the platforms. Rapid deepening around the Early/Late Tithonian boundary was induced by extension due to mountain uplift and resulted in the reconfiguration of the platforms and basins related to normal and probably strike-slip faults. Erosion of the uplifted nappe stack including obducted ophiolites caused final drowning and demise of the platforms in the Berriasian. The remaining Early Cretaceous basins were filled up with molasse sediments including siliciclastics until Aptian. Around the Early/Late Cretaceous boundary again extension and strike-slip movements started, followed by Eocene thrusting and Miocene strike-slip movements with block rotations. These younger tectonic movements destroyed the Triassic to Early Cretaceous palaeogeography and arranged the modern block configuration. The described Jurassic to Early Cretaceous history corresponds with that of the Western Carpathians, the Dinarides, and the Albanides, where (1) age dating of the metamorphic soles prove late Early to Middle Jurassic inneroceanic thrusting followed by late Middle to early Late Jurassic ophiolite obduction, (2) Kimmeridgian to Tithonian shallow-water platforms formed on top of the obducted ophiolites, and (3) latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sediments show postorogenic character. Therefore, we correlate the Jurassic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps with the closure of the western part of the Neotethys Ocean.     

Makes a Difference

Michael Strevens has produced an ambitious and comprehensive new account of scientific explanation. This review discusses its main themes, focusing on regularity explanation and a number of methodological concerns.     

Homochiral Selectivity in RNA Synthesis: Montmorillonite-catalyzed Quaternary Reactions of D,L-Purine with D,L- Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Selective adsorption of D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU on the platelets of montmorillonite demonstrates an important reaction pathway for the origin of homochirality in RNA synthesis. Our earlier studies have shown that the individual reactions of D, L-ImpA or D, L-ImpU on montmorillonite catalyst produced oligomers which were only partially inhibited by the incorporation of both D- and L-enantiomers. Homochirality in these reactions was largely due to the formation of cyclic dimers that cannot elongate. We investigated the quaternary reactions of D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU on montmorillonite. The chain length of these oligomers increased from 9-mer to 11-mer as observed by HPLC, with a concominant increase in the yield of linear dimers and higher oligomers in the reactions involving D, L-ImpA with D, L-ImpU as compared to the similar reactions carried out with D-enantiomers only. The formation of cyclic dimers of U was completely inhibited in the quaternary reactions. The yield of cyclic dimers of A was reduced from 60% to 10% within the dimer fraction. 12 linear dimers and 3 cyclic dimers were isolated and characterized from the quaternary reaction. The homochirality and regioselectivity of dimers were 64.1% and 71.7%, respectively. Their sequence selectivity was shown by the formation of purine-pyrimidine (54–59%) linkages, followed by purine-purine (29–32%) linkages and pyrimidine-pyrimidine (9–13%) linkages. Of the 16 trimers detected, 10 were homochiral with an overall homochirality of 73–76%. In view of the greater homochirality, sequence- and regio- selectivity, the quaternary reactions on montmorillonite demonstrate an unexpectedly favorable route for the prebiotic synthesis of homochiral RNA compared with the separate reactions of enantiomeric activated mononucleotides.     

Late Cretaceous sedimentary evolution of a northern sector of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (Matarsko Podolje,SW Slovenia)

Cretaceous shallow-marine carbonate rocks of SW Slovenia were deposited in the northern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. A 560-m-thick continuous Upper Cenomanian to Santonian carbonate succession has been studied near Hru?ica Village in Matarsko Podolje. With regard to lithological, sedimentological, and stratigraphical characteristics, the succession has been divided into nine lithostratigraphic units, mainly reflecting regressive and transgressive intervals of larger scale. During the latest Cenomanian and Early Turonian, hemipelagic limestones were deposited on top of shallow-marine lagoon and peritidal Upper Cenomanian deposits indicating relative sea-level rise. Subsequently, the deeper marine depositional setting was gradually filled by clinoform bioclastic sand bodies overlain by peritidal and shallow-marine low-energy mainly lagoonal lithofacies. Similar lithofacies of predominately inner ramp/shelf depositional settings prevail over the upper part (i.e., Coniacian to Santonian) of the succession. In the area, the Upper Cetaceous carbonate rocks are separated from the overlying Lower Eocene (Upper Paleocene?) carbonate sequence by regional unconformity denoted by distinct paleokarstic features. On the Adriatic Carbonate Platform the deeper marine carbonate setting, developed at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, is usually correlated with OAE2 and related eustatic sea-level rise. Similarly, subsequent reestablished shallow-marine conditions are related to Late Turonian long- and short-term sea-level fall. However, we are suggesting that deeper marine deposits were deposited in a tectonically induced intraplatform basin formed simultaneously with the uplift of the northern and northeastern marginal parts of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform.     

A dynamic model of thoracic differentiation for the control of turning in the stick insect

Leg movements of stick insects (Carausius morosus) making turns towards visual targets are examined in detail, and a dynamic model of this behaviour is proposed. Initial results suggest that front legs shape most of the body trajectory, while the middle and hind legs just follow external forces (Rosano H, Webb B, in The control of turning in real and simulated stick insects, vol. 4095, pp 145–156, 2006). However, some limitations of this explanation and dissimilarities in the turning behaviour of the insect and the model were found. A second set of behavioural experiments was made by blocking front tarsi to further investigate the active role of the other legs for the control of turning. The results indicate that it is necessary to have different roles for each pair of legs to replicate insect behaviour. We demonstrate that the rear legs actively rotate the body while the middle legs move sideways tangentially to the hind inner leg. Furthermore, we show that on average the middle inner and hind outer leg contribute to turning while the middle outer leg and hind inner leg oppose body rotation. These behavioural results are incorporated into a 3D dynamic robot simulation. We show that the simulation can now replicate more precisely the turns made by the stick insect. This work was supported by CONACYT México and the European Commission under project FP6-2003-IST2-004690 SPARK.