Potential sites of geosmin production by streptomycetes in and around reservoirs

Water from several oligotrophic reservoirs of the North West Water Authority at Longridge, Lancashire, supported only sparse growth of streptomycetes isolated from the reservoirs. Growth was enhanced by nutrient-amendment of the water and one common isolate, identified as Streptomyces albidoflavus , produced geosmin in water which was supplemented with sufficient concentrations of available carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The minimum concentrations required for geosmin production were higher than those recorded in natural reservoir water. Synthesis of geosmin in water also required a minimum temperature of about 15dEC. Sterilized samples of reservoir sediment, sediment extract, plant debris from banks and surrounding soil also supported geosmin production by S. albidoflavus. Both bank debris and exposed sediment developed earthy odours without inoculation. The structure of reservoir banks influenced the quantity of plant growth and accumulation of litter, and therefore also the potential for contamination of reservoir water by geosmin. The potential of these various sites of geosmin production to contaminate reservoir water is assessed.     

Enzymatic amidation of recombinant (Leu27) growth hormone releasing hormone-Gly45

By chemoenzymatic synthesis the gene for a (Leu27) analogue of human growth hormone releasing hormone-Gly45 [(Leu27)GHRH-Gly45] was constructed, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase under the control of the lac promoter and operator. Upon induction with isopropyl-D-thio-beta-galactopyranoside the fusion protein accumulated to a yield of 15-20% of the total cellular protein. After cyanogen bromide cleavage of the fusion protein the precursor peptide (Leu27)hGHRH-Gly45 was separated by extraction and purified by ion exchange and h.p.l.c.-RP18 chromatography. The purified peptide was analysed by sequencing, isoelectric focusing, amino acid analysis and amino acid analysis after V8 protease digestion. The carboxy-terminal glycine was subsequently amidated by PAM (peptidylglycine-alpha-amidating-monooxygenase), an enzyme which was isolated and characterized from fresh bovine pituitaries. Correct amidation of the penultimate amino acid, leucine, was verified by peptide sequencing with an authentic leucine amide reference.     

Defective production of anti-herpes simplex virus antibody by neonatal mice. Reconstitution with Ia+ macrophages and T helper lymphocytes from nonimmune adult syngeneic mice

Both neonatal humans and mice are exquisitely susceptible to severe HSV infection. We have now documented a profound defect in the ability of neonatal C57BL/6 mice to produce anti-HSV ADCC antibody. This ability is acquired over the first 2 to 4 wk of life. Reconstitution of neonatal mice by i.p. injection of peritoneal cells from adult nonimmune syngeneic mice both affords dose-dependent protection against lethal HSV infection and reconstitutes the antibody-production defect. By cell-separation techniques (adherence, nylon wool column purification, B cell panning) and cell ablation techniques (silica treatment, irradiation, anti-T cell, anti-Ia, anti-Lyt-1.2 and anti-Lyt-2.2 monoclonal antibodies plus complement treatment) the subpopulations involved in the antibody production reconstitution of neonatal mice by adult cells were identified. These include both an Ia+, radioresistant, adherent, silica-sensitive macrophage population and a nylon wool column-purified, radiosensitive, anti-T, anti-Lyt-1.2-sensitive helper T cell population. The latter cell may be substituted for by concanavalin A-stimulated lymphokine-containing spleen cell supernatants or human recombinant IL 2. In addition to reconstitution of ADCC antibody production, the same cell populations, or cells plus lymphokine-containing supernatants or IL 2, protected the newborn mice from lethal HSV infection. Further characterization of this system and of soluble replacement factors has implications for therapy or immunoprophylaxis of human neonates with, or at risk of, HSV infection.     

Genetics of NAD metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium and cloning of the nadA and pnuC loci.

The nadA and pnuC loci of S. typhimurium were cloned and found to reside within a 2.2-kilobase region. Two-dimensional O'Farrell gel electrophoresis of the proteins produced after chloramphenicol amplification and subsequent release from chloramphenicol inhibition revealed NadA and PnuC to be 43,000- and 25,000-molecular-weight proteins, respectively. The data indicated that nadA and pnuC represent two distinct genes.     

Solubilization and characterization of cardiac sarcolemmal taurine-binding proteins

Cardiac sarcolemma preparations of both pig and rat ventricles were found to possess two sets of taurine-binding components. The two proteins from pig heart were solubilized with the detergent Ammonyx-Lo. Characterization of these solubilized proteins revealed that both components are glycoproteins and retain the binding properties observed for the membrane isolate. However, the characterization also revealed several differences between the proteins including their binding specificities, their affinities for taurine, their binding isotherms, and their molecular sizes. Possible functions of these two taurine-binding proteins are discussed.     

AMP photophosphorylation and binding by chloroplasts

Stoichiometric amounts of chloroplast thylakoids photophosphorylate free AMP to tightly bound ADP. Free ADP is a poor competitor for this AMP photoreaction, which saturates below 16 micronAMP. The inhibitor, diadenosine pentaphosphate, abolishes AMP photophosphorylation, and inhibits dark ADP binding. Taken together, these data imply that this photoreaction involves the high affinity nucleotide binding site(s) of chloroplast coupling factor CF1, and that little mixing with free nucleotides occurs.     

The destruction of spores of Bacillus subtilis by the combined effects of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light

Ultraviolet light irradiation of bacterial spores in the presence of hydrogen peroxide has been shown to produce synergistic kills when compared with ultraviolet light (u.v.) and hydrogen peroxide used sequentially. This use in combination has been patented for the commercial sterilization of packaging before filling with UHT-processed products. Previous results have shown that lamps producing u.v. light with a maximum output at about 254 nm were extremely effective. Results obtained using a Synchrotron radiation source to produce a narrow band of irradiation now shows that the greatest kill of spores of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is obtained with radiation at ˜270 nm. Such results suggest that the action of the u.v. light is not directly on the spore DNA but may be related to the production of free hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of neoplasms metastatic to the breast

The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings in 18 cases of metastatic neoplasms of the breast are reported. The cases were encountered in a combined series of 2,529 FNA breast biopsies, of which 666 were malignant; the metastatic neoplasms of the breast thus constituted 2.7% of all the malignant breast tumors. The series consists of 15 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 48 years (range of 11 to 73 years). Sixteen biopsies confirmed metastatic malignancy in patients with known extramammary primaries; the prebiopsy clinical diagnoses in six of the patients were benign breast lesions. In eight patients, the clinical differential diagnosis was either a benign or malignant primary breast lesion versus a metastatic malignancy. In two additional patients, the FNA biopsy identified metastatic neoplasms from unsuspected extramammary primaries. The metastatic neoplasms included three small-cell carcinomas of the lung, one squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung, two malignant melanomas, three ovarian malignancies, including a dysgerminoma, and one each of carcinoma of the fallopian tube, endometrial carcinoma, transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, prostatic carcinoma, acute granulocytic leukemia, lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, hepatoma and neuroblastoma of the retroperitoneum. Recognition of unusual cytologic patterns raised the suspicion of, or confirmed the diagnosis of, malignancy in all cases, with no false-negative diagnoses. None of the cases were cytologically interpreted as a primary breast malignancy. Ancillary studies performed on the FNA material, including immunocytochemistry, contributed to a definitive diagnosis in three cases. FNA diagnosis of metastatic malignancy of the breast is essential in order to avoid unnecessary mastectomy and to ensure appropriate chemotherapy and/or irradiation treatment.