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Organisms use an amazingly large diversity of mechanisms to pass on their genes to the next generation. Sex is ancestral in eukaryotes, where it remains the most widespread way of reproduction. By combining one's genes with those of a partner, sex entails a dilution of one's genes at each generation. Evolution has been particularly creative in devising mechanisms allowing females to avoid this dilution, from classical parthenogenesis to the elimination of male genes after fertilization (Bell, 1982). Moreover, the term parthenogenesis includes various forms. Parthenogenesis can be used for female (thelytoky) or male (arrhenotoky) production and it can be associated with different cytological mechanisms, from strict clonality to meiotic division with the fusion of two of the four products of meiosis to restore diploidy (Suomalainen, Saura, & Lokki, 1987). Understanding the evolution of these diverse reproductive systems remains one of the most exciting and longstanding questions in evolutionary biology. By characterizing the reproductive systems of 11 species from the thermophilic ant genus Cataglyphis, in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kuhn, Darras, Paknia, and Aron (2020) show the high lability of parthenogenesis, with multiple independent evolution of facultative thelytoky from sexual ancestors. The diversity of life history traits and social characteristics of this genus (e.g., mode of colony foundation, female polyandry) provides a unique and exciting opportunity to investigate the social and environmental factors driving the evolution of reproductive systems in social Hymenoptera. 相似文献
83.
Deborah V. Hoyle Marianne Keith Helen Williamson Kareen Macleod Heather Mathie Ian Handel Carol Currie Anne Holmes Lesley Allison Rebecca McLean Rebecca Callaby Thibaud Porphyre Sue C. Tongue Madeleine K. Henry Judith Evans George J. Gunn David L. Gally Nuno Silva Margo E. Chase-Topping 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2021,87(10)
84.
Jean-Marc Thibaud 《法国昆虫学会纪事》2013,49(2):181-185
Synthesis and new data on interstitial Collembola-fauna in littoral and continental sand sediments. Collembola biodiversity in supralitoral and inland sands can not be compared to the biodiversity developed in mineral soils or leaf litter, and Collembola biodiversity in intertidal sands is lower. The problem of the dispersial of these littoral sand Collembola is considered. A number of species appear have a trans-oceanic dispersal on considerable distances on or in sea water. 相似文献
85.
David Porco Dariusz Skarżyński Thibaud Decaëns Paul D. N. Hebert Louis Deharveng 《Molecular ecology resources》2014,14(2):249-261
Although their functional importance in ecosystems is increasingly recognized, soil‐dwelling micro‐arthropods are usually poorly known in comparison with their above‐ground counterparts. Collembola constitute a significant and species‐rich component of the soil biodiversity, but it remains a woefully understudied group because of the taxonomic impediment. The ever‐increasing use of molecular taxonomic tools, such as DNA barcoding, provides a possible solution. Here, we test the use of this approach through a diversity survey of Collembola from the vicinity of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, and compare the results with previous surveys in the same area and in other sub‐Arctic regions. The systematic barcoding campaign at Churchill revealed a diverse collembolan fauna consisting of 97 species‐level MOTUs in six types of habitats. If all these MOTUs are confirmed as species, this richness would be far higher than prior records for Arctic Canada and could lead to reconsider the actual diversity of the group in Arctic environments. 相似文献
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Aurélie Hua-Van Arnaud Le Rouzic Thibaud S Boutin Jonathan Filée Pierre Capy 《Biology direct》2011,6(1):19
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) were first discovered more than 50 years ago, but were totally ignored for a long time. Over the last few decades they have gradually attracted increasing interest from research scientists. Initially they were viewed as totally marginal and anecdotic, but TEs have been revealed as potentially harmful parasitic entities, ubiquitous in genomes, and finally as unavoidable actors in the diversity, structure, and evolution of the genome. Since Darwin's theory of evolution, and the progress of molecular biology, transposable elements may be the discovery that has most influenced our vision of (genome) evolution. In this review, we provide a synopsis of what is known about the complex interactions that exist between transposable elements and the host genome. Numerous examples of these interactions are provided, first from the standpoint of the genome, and then from that of the transposable elements. We also explore the evolutionary aspects of TEs in the light of post-Darwinian theories of evolution. 相似文献88.
89.
Thibaud Porphyre Efstathios Stamatios Giotis David Hugh Lloyd Katharina Dorothea Clementine St?rk 《PloS one》2012,7(10)
The emergence of the livestock-associated clone of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 is a serious public health issue throughout Europe. In The Netherlands a stringent ‘search-and-destroy’ policy has been adopted, keeping low the level of MRSA prevalence. However, reports have recently emerged of transmission events between humans showing no links to livestock, contradicting belief that MRSA ST398 is poorly transmissible in humans. The question regarding the transmissibility of MRSA ST398 in humans therefore remains of great interest. Here, we investigated the capacity of MRSA ST398 to spread into an entirely susceptible human population subject to the effect of a single MRSA-positive commercial pig farm. Using a stochastic, discrete-time metapopulation model, we explored the effect of varying both the probability of persistent carriage and that of acquiring MRSA due to contact with pigs on the transmission dynamics of MRSA ST398 in humans. In particular, we assessed the value and key determinants of the basic reproduction ratio (R
0) for MRSA ST398. Simulations showed that the presence of recurrent exposures with pigs in risky populations allows MRSA ST398 to persist in the metapopulation and transmission events to occur beyond the farming community, even when the probability of persistent carriage is low. We further showed that persistent carriage should occur in less than 10% of the time for MRSA ST398 to conserve epidemiological characteristics similar to what has been previously reported. These results indicate that implementing control policy that only targets human carriers may not be sufficient to control MRSA ST398 in the community if it remains in pigs. We argue that farm-level control measures should be implemented if an eradication programme is to be considered. 相似文献
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