The influence of hormones and other substances on lens regeneration in vitro

Culturing the dorsal iris epithelium of a newt with a pituitary gland in organ culture greatly enhances the ability of the iris epithelium to produce advanced lens regenerates in vitro. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which the pituitary enhances lens regeneration irido-corneal complexes from adult newts were cultured in medium to which various substances had been added either singly or in numerous combinations. Prolactin, insulin, hydrocortisone, and thyroxine failed to enhance the production of advanced lens regenerates in any of the doses or combinations tested. Similarly, addition of 50 microgram/ml of sodium or calcium ascorbate had no effect on the progress of lens regeneration in vitro. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP caused an inhibition of depigmentation and regeneration at high doses. The results of these experiments show that the effects of the pituitary cannot be duplicated by hormones which other authors have asserted to be beneficial to limb or tail regenerates in vitro. The results with cyclic AMP suggest that prolonged exposure to high doses of cyclic AMP inhibit regeneration and indicate that further studies on the fluctations in cyclic AMP levels throughout the process of lens regeneration must be done.     

Isoquinoline alkaloids from cell suspension cultures of Fumaria capreolata

Fumaria capreolata was taken into cell suspension culture. The culture yielded a biomass of about 12 g dry weight per liter of medium; the dried cells contained ca. 0.1% of alkaloids. Besides choline, the following ten known isoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from the cell extract in crystalline form: coptisine, dehydrocheilanthifoline; (+)-isoboldine; magnoflorine; N-methylcoclaurine; (+)-reticuline; (–)-pallidine; protopine; sanguinarine; (–)-scoulerine. This is the most diverse isoquinoline alkaloid spectrum thus far published for a cell suspension culture.     

Structure–antimicrobial activity of some natural isocoumarins and their analogues

Three naturally occurring isocoumarins (paepalantine, paepalantine 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and paepalantine 9-O-beta-D-allopyranosyl(1 --> 6) glucopyranoside) and two semi-synthetic analogues, 9,10-acylated compound and 9-OH-10-methylated compound, structurally similar to paepalantine, were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using a spectrophotometric microdilution technique. The paepalantine was active against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. faecalis while the other four compounds proved ineffective against all microorganisms tested at concentrations of 500 microg/ml. Variations in phenolic substitution at OH-9 and/or OH-10 in the paepalantine molecule resulted in compounds without antimicrobial activity. A combination of structural features, two phenolic groups as cathecolic system, forms an oxygenated system arrangement that may reflect the potentially antimicrobial properties of paepalantine.     

Intracellular transport of endocytosed chylomicron [3H]retinyl ester in rat liver parenchymal cells. Evidence for translocation of a [3H]retinoid from endosomes to endoplasmic reticulum

The intracellular transport of chylomicron remnants labeled with [3H]retinyl ester was studied in rat liver parenchymal cells by means of subcellular fractionation in Nycodenz and sucrose density gradients. The data presented indicate that endocytosed chylomicron remnant [3H]retinyl ester initially is located in low density endosomes. Radioactivity is subsequently transferred to a denser vesicle. Equilibrium as well as rate zonal centrifugation suggest that this denser [3H] retinoid-containing vesicle may represent endoplasmic reticulum. We have compared the intracellular transport of chylomicron remnant [3H]retinyl ester and 125I-asialofetuin. The receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins in rat liver parenchymal cells is a thoroughly studied system. Our results suggest that the [3H] retinoid and 125I-asialofetuin follow the same path initially to the endosomes. After transit in endosomes, the intracellular transport differs. While asialofetuin is transported to the lysosomes, the retinoid is probably transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum.     

Effect of bromocriptine on prostacyclin release and cyclic nucleotides on rat aortic and uterine tissues

The effect of bromocriptine mesylate on cyclic nucleotides and PGI₂ release by rat aortic and uterine tissues was investigated. Treatment of rats with bromocriptine (10 mg kg⁻¹ I.P. daily for 14 days) increased PGI₂ release by the thoracic aorta from 0.67 ± 0.02 to 1.4 ± 0.03 ng/mg wet tissue (P < 0.001; n = 6). This increase was antagonized by treatment with sulpiride (15 mg kg⁻¹). Incubation of the arterial tissue with bromocriptive (50 ug ml⁻) in vitro also stimulated PGI₂ release. Mepacrine (160 μg ml⁻) significantly decreased both basal and stimulated PGI₂ release. Incubation of myometrial tissue from pregnant rats with bromocriptine (50 μg ml⁻¹) in vitro significantly decreased PGI₂ release from 1.25 ± 0.07 to 0.60 ± 0.08 ng/mg wet tissue (P < 0.05, n = 6).It also elevated uterine cAMP from 40 ± 2 to 64 ± 3 pmoles/100 mg wet tissue. Both effects were antagonized by sulpiride. Bromocriptine did not affect uterine cGMP or the cyclic nucleotides in the aorta. It is concluded that the increase in aortic PGI₂ was mediated via activation of dopamine D-2 receptors that stimulate phospholipase A₂ enzyme. The decrease in myometrial PGI₂ release may be related to the increase in uterine cAMP resulting from activation of dopamine D-1 receptors. Previous studies suggested a role for PGI₂ in implantation in the rat. The results suggest that the inhibitory effèct on uterine PGI₂ may underlie the reported inhibition of bromocriptine on implantation. On broad basis, the decrease in uterine PGI₂ together with the reported luteolytic effect of bromocriptine point to a potential role for the compound in postcoital contraception.