全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4066篇 |
免费 | 382篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
4449篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 28篇 |
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 40篇 |
2019年 | 34篇 |
2018年 | 41篇 |
2017年 | 47篇 |
2016年 | 77篇 |
2015年 | 114篇 |
2014年 | 143篇 |
2013年 | 183篇 |
2012年 | 270篇 |
2011年 | 247篇 |
2010年 | 168篇 |
2009年 | 142篇 |
2008年 | 218篇 |
2007年 | 298篇 |
2006年 | 214篇 |
2005年 | 241篇 |
2004年 | 235篇 |
2003年 | 192篇 |
2002年 | 214篇 |
2001年 | 55篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 56篇 |
1998年 | 64篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 38篇 |
1995年 | 41篇 |
1994年 | 50篇 |
1993年 | 37篇 |
1992年 | 44篇 |
1991年 | 29篇 |
1990年 | 46篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 36篇 |
1986年 | 26篇 |
1985年 | 44篇 |
1984年 | 34篇 |
1983年 | 48篇 |
1982年 | 42篇 |
1981年 | 40篇 |
1980年 | 42篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 32篇 |
1977年 | 28篇 |
1975年 | 21篇 |
1974年 | 28篇 |
1973年 | 28篇 |
1972年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有4449条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
51.
Image analysis of restriction enzyme fingerprint autoradiograms 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Sulston John; Mallett Frank; Durbin Richard; Horsnell Terry 《Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)》1989,5(2):101-106
A genome mapping system has been developed that reads and assemblesdata from clones analysed by restriction enzyme fragmentationand polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Input data for the systemcan be most effectively obtained by the use of a scanning densitometerand image-processing package, such as that described in thisarticle. The image-processing procedure involves preliminarylocation of bands, cooperative tracking of lanes by correlationof adjacent bands, a precise densitometric pass, alignment ofthe marker bands with the standard, optional interactive editing,and normalization of the accepted bands.
Received on August 31, 1988; accepted on December 6, 1988 相似文献
52.
S G Ryan M J Dixon M A Nigro K A Kelts O N Markand J C Terry R Shiang J J Wasmuth P O''''Connell 《American journal of human genetics》1992,51(6):1334-1343
Hyperekplexia, or startle disease (STHE), is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by muscular rigidity of central nervous system origin, particularly in the neonatal period, and by an exaggerated startle response to sudden, unexpected acoustic or tactile stimuli. STHE responds dramatically to the benzodiazepine drug clonazepam, which acts at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors. The STHE locus (STHE) was recently assigned to chromosome 5q, on the basis of tight linkage to the colony-stimulating factor 1-receptor (CSF1-R) locus in a single large family. We performed linkage analysis in the original and three additional STHE pedigrees with eight chromosome 5q microsatellite markers and placed several of the most closely linked markers on an existing radiation hybrid (RH) map of the region. The results provide strong evidence for genetic locus homogeneity and assign STHE to a 5.9-cM interval defined by CSF1-R and D5S379, which are separated by an RH map distance of 74 centirays (roughly 2.2-3.7 Mb). Two polymorphic markers (D5S119 and D5S209) lie within this region, but they could not be ordered with respect to STHE. RH mapping eliminated the candidate genes GABRA1 and GABRG2, which encode GABA-A receptor components, by showing that they are telomeric to the target region. 相似文献
53.
Time-Dependent Increase in Protein Phosphorylation Following One-Trial Enhancement in Hermissenda 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Abstract: One-trial conditioning of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda produces short- and long-term changes in excitability (enhancement) of identified sensory neurons. To investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying this example of plasticity, we have examined changes in protein phosphorylation at different times following the in vitro conditioning trial. Changes in the incorporation of 32 PO4 into proteins were determined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, and densitometry. Conditioning resulted in increases in levels of several phosphoproteins, five of which, ranging in apparent molecular mass from 22 to 55 kDa, were chosen for analysis. The increased phosphorylation of the 46- and 55-kDa phosphoproteins detected 2 h postconditioning was significantly greater than the level of phosphorylation detected in an unpaired control group, indicating that long-term enhancement is pairing specific. Statistically significant increases in phosphorylation as compared with the control group that received only light were detected immediately after conditioning (5 min) for the 55-, 46-, and 22-kDa phosphoproteins, at 1 h for the 55- and 46-kDa phosphoproteins, and at 2 h for the 55-, 46-, and 22-kDa phosphoproteins. The 46- and 55-kDa phosphoproteins are putative structural proteins, and the 22-kDa phosphoprotein is proposed to be a protein kinase C substrate previously identified in Hermissenda following multitrial classical conditioning. Time-dependent increases in protein phosphorylation may contribute to the induction and maintenance of different memory stages expressed in sensory neurons after one-trial conditioning. 相似文献
54.
The intrinsic chlorophyll-protein CP 47 is a component of photosystem II which functions in both light-harvesting and oxygen evolution. Using site-directed mutagenesis we have produced the mutant W167S which lies in loop C of CP 47. This strain exhibited a 75% loss in oxygen evolution activity and grew extremely slowly in the absence of glucose. Examination of normalized oxygen evolution traces indicated that the mutant was susceptible to photoinactivation. Analysis of the variable fluorescence yield indicated that the mutant accumulated very few functional PS II reaction centers. This was confirmed by immunoblotting experiments. Interestingly, when W167S was grown in the presence of 20 M DCMU, the mutant continued to exhibit these defects. These results indicate that tryptophan 167 in loop C of CP 47 is important for the assembly and stability of the PS II reaction center. 相似文献
55.
The roles of Ca2+ mobilization in development of tension induced by acetylcholine (ACh, 0.1–100 µM) in swine tracheal smooth muscle strips were studied. Under control conditions, ACh induced a transient increase in free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that declined to a steady-state level. The peak increase in [Ca2+]i correlated with the magnitude of tension at each [ACh] after a single exposure to ACh, while the steady-state [Ca2+]i did not. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ had little effect on peak [Ca2+]i but greatly reduced steady-state increases in [Ca2+]i and tension. Verapamil inhibited steady-state [Ca2+]i only at [ACh]<1 µM. After depletion of internal Ca2+ stores by 10 min exposure to ACh in Ca2+-free solution and then washout of ACh for 5 min in Ca2+-free solution, simultaneous re-exposure to ACh in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+ increased [Ca2+]i to the control steady-state level without overshoot. The tension attained was the same as control for each [ACh] used. Continuous exposure to successively increasing [ACh] (0.1–100 µM) also reduced the overshoot of [Ca2+]i at 10 and 100 µM ACh, yet tension reached control levels at each [ACh] used. We conclude that the steady-state increase in [Ca2+]i is necessary for tension maintenance and is dependent on Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels at 0.1 µM ACh and through a verapamil-insensitive pathway at 10 and 100 µM. The initial transient increase in calcium arises from intracellular stores and is correlated with the magnitude of tension only in muscles that have completely recovered from previous exposure to agonists. 相似文献
56.
57.
Reduction of Cr(VI) by a Consortium of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB III) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
A consortium of bacteria with tolerance to high concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 2,500 ppm) and other toxic heavy metals has been obtained from metal-refinishing wastewaters in Chengdu, People's Republic of China. This consortium consists of a range of gram-positive and gram-negative rods and has the capacity to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) as amorphous precipitates which are associated with the bacterial surfaces. An endospore-producing, gram-positive rod and a gram-negative rod accumulate the most metallic precipitates, and, over time, 80 to 95% of Cr can be removed from concentrations ranging from 50 to 2,000 ppm (0.96 to 38.45 mM). Kinetic studies revealed a first-order constant for Cr removal of 0.1518 h-1 for an initial concentration of 1,000 ppm (19.3 mM), and the sorption isothermal data could be interpreted by the Freundlich relationship. The sorption was not entirely due to a passive interaction with reactive sites on the bacterial surfaces since gamma-irradiated, killed cells could not immobilize as much metal. When U or Zn was added with the Cr, it was also removed and could even increase the total amount of Cr immobilized. The consortium was tolerant to small amounts of oxygen in the headspace of tubes, but active growth of the bacteria was a requirement for Cr immobilization through Cr(VI) reduction, resulting in the lowering of Eh. Our data suggest that the reduction was via H2S. This consortium has been named SRB III, and it may be useful for the bioremediation of fluid metal-refining wastes. 相似文献
58.
Cell Proliferation Inhibition in Reduced Gravity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Extended durations of spaceflight have been shown to be deleterious on an organismic level; however, mechanisms underlying cellular sensitivity to the gravitational environment remain to be elucidated. The majority of the gravitational studies to date indicates that cell regulatory pathways may be influenced by their gravitational environment. Still, few cell biology experiments have been performed in space flight and even fewer experiments have been repeated on subsequent flights. With flight opportunities on STS-50, 542 and 57, Sf9 cells were flown in the BioServe Fluids Processing Apparatus and cell proliferation was measured with and without exposure to a cell regulatory sialogycopeptide (CeReS) inhibitor. Results from these flights indicate that the Sf9 cells grew comparable to ground controls, that the CeReS inhibitor bound to its specific receptor, and that its signal transduction cascade was not gravity sensitive. 相似文献
59.
Jill M. Delfs Lei Yu †Gaylord D. Ellison Terry Reisine Marie-Françoise Chesselet 《Journal of neurochemistry》1994,63(2):777-780
Abstract: The mRNA encoding μ-opioid receptors is expressed in neurons of the globus pallidus, a region of the basal ganglia that receives a dense enkephalinergic innervation from the striatum. The regulation of the mRNAs encoding the opioid peptide enkephalin in the striatum and the μ-opioid receptor in the globus pallidus was examined with in situ hybridization histochemistry following short- or long-term haloperidol treatments, which alter striatal enkephalin mRNA levels. Animals were administered haloperidol daily for 3 or 7 days (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or continuously for 8 months (1 mg/kg, depot followed by oral). Enkephalin and μ-opioid receptor mRNA levels were unchanged after 3 days of haloperidol treatment. In contrast, the enkephalin mRNA level was increased in the striatum, and μ-opioid receptor mRNA levels were markedly decreased in the globus pallidus after 7 days of haloperidol administration. Similar effects were observed in rats treated with haloperidol for 8 months. The results provide the first evidence of regulation of μ-opioid receptor mRNA in vivo. 相似文献
60.
This paper documents the diversity and variation in the circumorbital foramina in extant primates. A qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the circumorbital foramina, comprising the supraorbital foramen, the infraorbital foramen, and the malar foramen,
was carried out using representative species from nine extant families of primates. The information obtained from the study
is used to reconstruct ancestral morphotypes, and to make inferences about evolutionary changes that may have taken place
in the major primate lineages. In addition, the analysis provides useful comparative data for interpretation of the phylogenetic
significance and paleobiological implications of the circumorbital foramina in fossil primates. 相似文献