全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6839篇 |
免费 | 497篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
7338篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 56篇 |
2021年 | 117篇 |
2020年 | 76篇 |
2019年 | 89篇 |
2018年 | 158篇 |
2017年 | 124篇 |
2016年 | 248篇 |
2015年 | 328篇 |
2014年 | 345篇 |
2013年 | 479篇 |
2012年 | 506篇 |
2011年 | 576篇 |
2010年 | 365篇 |
2009年 | 327篇 |
2008年 | 428篇 |
2007年 | 418篇 |
2006年 | 411篇 |
2005年 | 357篇 |
2004年 | 365篇 |
2003年 | 339篇 |
2002年 | 329篇 |
2001年 | 60篇 |
2000年 | 53篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 70篇 |
1997年 | 59篇 |
1996年 | 62篇 |
1995年 | 57篇 |
1994年 | 32篇 |
1993年 | 46篇 |
1992年 | 48篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 36篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 26篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有7338条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
81.
Nicholas W. VanKuren Henk C. den Bakker Joseph B. Morton Teresa E. Pawlowska 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2013,67(1):207-224
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phylum Glomeromycota) are among the oldest and most successful symbionts of land plants. With no evidence of sexual reproduction, their evolutionary success is inconsistent with the prediction that asexual taxa are vulnerable to extinction due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. To explore why Glomeromycota defy this prediction, we studied ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene evolution in the Claroideoglomus lineage and estimated effective population size, Ne, in C. etunicatum. We found that rRNA genes of these fungi exhibit unusual and complex patterns of molecular evolution. In C. etunicatum, these patterns can be collectively explained by an unexpectedly large Ne combined with imperfect genome‐wide and population‐level rRNA gene repeat homogenization. The mutations accumulated in rRNA gene sequences indicate that natural selection is effective at purging deleterious mutations in the Claroideoglomus lineage, which is also consistent with the large Ne of C. etunicatum. We propose that in the near absence of recombination, asexual reproduction involving massively multinucleate spores typical for Glomeromycota is responsible for the improved efficacy of selection relative to drift. We postulate that large effective population sizes contribute to the evolutionary longevity of Glomeromycota. 相似文献
82.
María Teresa Gómez-Casero Pablo J Hidalgo Herminia García-Mozo Eugenio Domínguez Carmen Galán 《Grana》2013,52(1):22-30
Potential pollen production, viability and germination were studied in the most important species of Quercus in the mountains of Córdoba to determine the contribution of each species to the total amount of airborne pollen. The results were compared over two consecutive years with different rainfall patterns. The viability of pollen grains was determined at anther opening, and during the pollination period, in order to determine potential pollination capacity. Results indicated that there were differences in the number of pollen grains produced by stamen in the four species. Equally, there were differences in the number of flowers among the species, being Q. suber the species with higher number of catkins groups and flowers per individual tree. Total pollen production per tree can be summarized in the following proportion: 1: 3: 3: 6 (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex ssp. ballota, Q. faginea and Q. suber). Potential pollen viability was estimated using the Fluorochromatic Reaction (FCR) and a germination assay. The results have shown that Quercus potential pollen viability is high and declines slowly with time. Q. coccifera was the species with the highest percentage of germination, with Q. suber being the lowest. 相似文献
83.
Bartłomiej Wyżga Paweł Oglęcki Hanna Hajdukiewicz Joanna Zawiejska Artur Radecki-Pawlik Tomasz Skalski Paweł Mikuś 《Hydrobiologia》2013,712(1):71-88
Like its British prototype (Biological Monitoring Working Party score system), the Polish benthic invertebrate-based BMWP-PL index is commonly regarded as an indicator of river water quality. This interpretation of the index has been verified in a study of the gravel-bed Bia?a River. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at 10 sites and compared in one channelized and one unmanaged cross-section per site. The resulting taxa richness and BMWP-PL index scores were compared with water quality and physical habitat characteristics in the cross-sections. Channelized and unmanaged cross-sections clearly differed in their physical habitat conditions, and water quality characteristics mostly varied in the downstream direction. Particular cross-sections hosted between 3 and 26 invertebrate taxa, with the respective BMWP-PL scores indicating the water in the surveyed cross-sections varied between high and poor quality. However, the BMWP-PL scores were unrelated to physicochemical characteristics of the river water, which consistently pointed to high water quality. Instead, the scores were significantly related to several physical habitat variables, with the number of low-flow channels in a cross-section explaining the largest proportion of the variance in the index values. The relationship of the scores with the complexity of flow pattern in the river and a lack of their dependence on physicochemical water characteristics show that the BMWP-PL index should not be regarded as an indicator of water quality but rather as an indicator of the ecological status of rivers, dependent both on their hydromorphological and water-quality characteristics. 相似文献
84.
Miriam Andrés Mónica Bravo Maria Antonia Buil Marta Calbet Jordi Castro Teresa Domènech Peter Eichhorn Manel Ferrer Elena Gómez Martin D. Lehner Imma Moreno Richard S. Roberts Sara Sevilla 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2013,23(11):3349-3353
High throughput screening identified the pyrazole-4-acetic acid substructure as CRTh2 receptor antagonists. Optimisation of the compounds uncovered a tight SAR but also identified some low nanomolar inhibitors. 相似文献
85.
María Teresa Aguirrezabala-Cámpano Reyna Ivonne Torres-Acosta Alejandro Blanco-Labra Ma. Elizabeth Mediola-Olaya Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-García Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo 《Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology.》2013,22(3):261-268
Seed proteins recovered after heating a seed extract from Opuntia joconostle Weber (xoconostle, an acid cactus pear) were screened for different biochemical activities, detecting only trypsin-like inhibitory activity. Two trypsin-like inhibitor forms from seeds were separated by RP-HPLC and partially sequenced and characterized as an enriched mixture. They were evaluated for inhibition on several serine proteinases, but only trypsin-like inhibition was detected by the inhibitor extract. The two isolated forms, OjTI 1 and OjTI 2 showed low molecular weights of 4.26 and 4.17 kDa as determined by mass spectrometry. An enriched inhibitory fraction showed a high thermal stability by retaining the activity after heating the sample for 1 h at 90 °C, as well as after heating for at 120 °C under 1 kg/cm2 for 15 min at different pH values. Partial sequence of the two forms was determined by mass spectrometry indicating that they were similar and after alignments analysis they showed the highest similarity with the trypsin inhibitor from O. streptacantha and to a lesser extent to other trypsin inhibitors of the MEROPS database families. The inhibitory spectrum was evaluated against several digestive enzymes from pests and beneficial insects from several taxonomic orders. 相似文献
86.
Maya D. Lambreva Maria Teresa Giardi Irene Rambaldi Amina Antonacci Sandro Pastorelli Ivo Bertalan Ivan Husu Udo Johanningmeier Giuseppina Rea 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
This study was prompted by increasing concerns about ecological damage and human health threats derived by persistent contamination of water and soil with herbicides, and emerging of bio-sensing technology as powerful, fast and efficient tool for the identification of such hazards. This work is aimed at overcoming principal limitations negatively affecting the whole-cell-based biosensors performance due to inadequate stability and sensitivity of the bio-recognition element. The novel bio-sensing elements for the detection of herbicides were generated exploiting the power of molecular engineering in order to improve the performance of photosynthetic complexes. The new phenotypes were produced by an in vitro directed evolution strategy targeted at the photosystem II (PSII) D1 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using exposures to radical-generating ionizing radiation as selection pressure. These tools proved successful to identify D1 mutations conferring enhanced stability, tolerance to free-radical-associated stress and competence for herbicide perception. Long-term stability tests of PSII performance revealed the mutants capability to deal with oxidative stress-related conditions. Furthermore, dose-response experiments indicated the strains having increased sensitivity or resistance to triazine and urea type herbicides with I50 values ranging from 6×10−8 M to 2×10−6 M. Besides stressing the relevance of several amino acids for PSII photochemistry and herbicide sensing, the possibility to improve the specificity of whole-cell-based biosensors, via coupling herbicide-sensitive with herbicide-resistant strains, was verified. 相似文献
87.
Objective
Adequate symptom control is a problem for many people with asthma. We asked whether weekly email reports on monitored use of inhaled, short-acting bronchodilators might improve scores on composite asthma-control measures.Methods
Through an investigational electronic medication sensor attached to each participant''s inhaler, we monitored 4 months'' use of inhaled, short-acting bronchodilators. Participants completed surveys, including the Asthma Control TestTM (ACT), to assess asthma control at entry and monthly thereafter. After the first month, participants received weekly email reports for 3 months. The reports summarized inhaled bronchodilator use during the preceding week and provided suggestions derived from National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) guidelines. Paired t-tests and random-effects mixed models were implemented to assess changes in primary asthma endpoints.Results
Thirty individuals participated in the 4-month study; 29 provided complete asthma control information. Mean age was 36.8 years (range: 19–74 years); 52% of respondents were female. Mean ACT scores were 17.6 (Standard Deviation [SD] = 3.35) at entry and 18.4 (SD = 3.60) at completion of the first month. No significant difference appeared between ACT values at entry and completion of the first month (p = 0.66); however, after participants began receiving email reports and online information about their inhaler use, mean ACT scores increased 1.40 points (95% CI: 0.61, 2.18) for each subsequent study month. Significant decreases occurred in 2-week histories of daytime symptoms (β = −1.35, 95% CI: −2.65, −0.04) and nighttime symptoms (β = −0.84, 95% CI: −1.25, −0.44); no significant change in activity limitation (β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.69, 0.26) was observed. Participants reported increased awareness and understanding of asthma patterns, level of control, bronchodilator use (timing, location) and triggers, and improved preventive practices.Conclusions
Weekly email reports and access to online charts summarizing remote monitoring of inhaled bronchodilator frequency and location were associated with improved asthma control and a decline in day-to-day asthma symptoms. 相似文献88.
Jeremy Howick Claire Friedemann Maria Tsakok Robert Watson Teresa Tsakok Jennifer Thomas Rafael Perera Susannah Fleming Carl Heneghan 《PloS one》2013,8(5)
BackgroundPlacebos are widely used in clinical practice in spite of ethical restrictions. Whether such use is justified depends in part on the relative benefit of placebos compared to ‘active’ treatments. A direct test for differences between placebo and ‘active’ treatment effects has not been conducted.ObjectivesWe aimed to test for differences between treatment and placebo effects within similar trial populations.ResultsIn trials with continuous outcomes (n = 115) we found no difference between treatment and placebo effects (MD = −0.29, 95% CI −0.62 to 0.05, P = 0.10). In trials with binary outcomes (n = 37) treatments were significantly more effective than placebos (RRR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.61 to 0.86, P = 0.0003). Treatment and placebo effects were not different in 22 out of 28 predefined subgroup analyses. Of the six subgroups with differences treatments were more effective than placebos in five. However when all criteria for reducing bias were ruled out (continuous outcomes) placebos were more effective than treatments (MD = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.40 to 2.77, P = 0.009).
Conclusions and Implications
Placebos and treatments often have similar effect sizes. Placebos with comparatively powerful effects can benefit patients either alone or as part of a therapeutic regime, and trials involving such placebos must be adequately blinded. 相似文献89.
90.
Marcus Maurer Werner Aberer Laurence Bouillet Teresa Caballero Vincent Fabien Gisèle Kanny Allen Kaplan Hilary Longhurst Andrea Zanichelli 《PloS one》2013,8(2)