转C4光合酶基因水稻的CO2交换和荧光特性

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP-ME、PEPC+PPDK酶基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.)及原种为材料 ,研究了光合作用对光照、温度、CO2的响应和光抑制条件下的叶绿素荧光特性,结果如下: 1.转C4光合酶基因水稻的饱和光合速率比原种高,其中转PEPC、PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻的光饱和点比原种高200 μmol*m-2*s-1,饱和光合速率比原种分别高51.6%和 58.5%;转PEPC基因水稻的羧化效率比原种高49.3%,CO2补偿点降低26.2%;在高温(35 ℃)下,转PEPC基因水稻的光合速率比原种高17.5%.2.经光抑制处理8 d后,转PEPC、PEPC +PPDK酶基因水稻的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭(qP)下降20%- 30%,非光化学猝灭(qN)增加了约30%;但原种的Fv/Fm和qP下降了5 0%多,qN变化不明显,表明转C4光合基因水稻耐光抑制能力增强.这些结果为用生物技术提高水稻光合效率研究提供了新的依据和途径.     

Differences in Survival and Growth Among Tropical Rain Forest Pioneer Tree Seedlings in Relation to Canopy Openness and Herbivory

Although differences in canopy openness, herbivory and their interaction may promote species coexistence, how these factors affect pioneer tree species and potentially limit growth, and survival has been poorly studied, particularly in tropical South Asia. We monitored the effect of canopy openness and herbivore damage on seedling survival and growth of 960 individuals of six pioneer tree species: Dillenia triquetra, Macaranga indica, Macaranga peltata, Schumacheria castaneifolia, Trema orientalis, and Wendlandia bicuspidata. Seedlings were placed in four gap‐understory positions—center, outer gap edge, inner forest edge, and understory—in four large, natural gaps within the Sinharaja World Heritage Reserve, Sri Lanka. Canopy openness positively affected survival probability beyond the 550‐d experiment, while herbivory decreased survival and was highest in understory conditions. The relative order of species survival stayed fairly consistent between gap‐understory positions and followed their known shade tolerance rankings. When averaged across all experimental conditions, T. orientalis had the lowest survival probability estimate beyond the 550‐d experiment (0.05), but the greatest capacity for growth where it successfully established, while the species with highest averaged survival probability (0.79), D. triquetra, showed the lowest growth. One species, W. bicuspidata, responded positively to herbivory by re‐sprouting. Coexistence of D. triquetra, T. orientalis, and W. bicuspidata can be explained by a trade‐off among species in survival, growth, and response to herbivory. In addition to variation in canopy light environment, herbivory may be important in determining pioneer species distribution through fine‐scale niche partitioning and should be carefully considered in reforestation efforts.     

封育年限对毛竹林群落结构和林下植物多样性的影响

为探讨自然封育对毛竹林群落结构和林下植物多样性的影响,采用空间代替时间的方法,以浙江省杭州市余杭区常规经营(0年)和不同封育年限(10,20,30年)的毛竹林为对象,对毛竹林分结构和林下植物多样性进行了全面研究。结果表明:随着封育年限的延长,竹林密度增大,胸径变小;封育毛竹林中2度以上活立竹的密度显著高于常规经营(P<0.05),枯立竹的密度随着封育年限的延长而显著增加(P<0.05);封育20年后的2度以上活立竹和枯立竹的胸径显著减小(P<0.05)。封育0,10,20,30年的毛竹林下灌木种类分别为68,35,58,77种,而草本植物种类则分别为64,23,31,44种。封育10年的林下灌木的Simpson指数显著低于其他林分(P<0.05),封育20年后的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于前期年份(P<0.05),封育显著提高了Pielou指数(P<0.05);封育显著降低了草本植物的Simpson指数(P<0.05),常规经营林下草本多样性指数Shannon-Wiener显著高于封育20年后的林分(P<0.05),封育10年...     

Oxygen sensitivity of C4 photosynthesis: evidence from gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses with different C4 subtypes

Because photosynthetic rates in C₄ plants are the same at normal levels of O₂ (c, 20 kPa) and at c, 2 kPa O₂ (a conventional test for evaluating photorespiration in C₃ plants) it has been thought that C₄ photosynthesis is O₂ insensitive. However, we have found a dual effect of O₂ on the net rate of CO₂ assimilation among species representing all three C₄ subtypes from both monocots and dicots. The optimum O₂ partial pressure for C₄ photosynthesis at 30 °C, atmospheric CO₂ level, and half full sunlight (1000 μmol quanta m^?2 s^?1) was about 5–10 kPa. Photosynthesis was inhibited by O₂ below or above the optimum partial pressure. Decreasing CO₂ levels from ambient levels (32.6 Pa) to 9.3 Pa caused a substantial increase in the degree of inhibition of photosynthesis by supra-optimum levels of O₂ and a large decrease in the ratio of quantum yield of CO₂ fixation/quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) measured by chlorophyll a fluorescence. Photosystem II activity, measured from chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis, was not inhibited at levels of O₂ that were above the optimum for CO₂ assimilation, which is consistent with a compensating, alternative electron How as net CO₂ assimilation is inhibited. At suboptimum levels of O₂, however, the inhibition of photosynthesis was paralleled by an inhibition of PSII quantum yield, increased state of reduction of quinone A, and decreased efficiency of open PSII centres. These results with different C₄ types suggest that inhibition of net CO₂ assimilation with increasing O₂ partial pressure above the optimum is associated with photorespiration, and that inhibition below the optimum O₂ may be caused by a reduced supply of ATP to the C₄ cycle as a result of inhibition of its production photochemically.     

Platform Comparison for Evaluation of ALK Protein Immunohistochemical Expression,Genomic Copy Number and Hotspot Mutation Status in Neuroblastomas

ALK is an established causative oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma, and is likely to emerge as a routine biomarker in neuroblastoma diagnostics. At present, the optimal strategy for clinical diagnostic evaluation of ALK protein, genomic and hotspot mutation status is not well-studied. We evaluated ALK immunohistochemical (IHC) protein expression using three different antibodies (ALK1, 5A4 and D5F3 clones), ALK genomic status using single-color chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), and ALK hotspot mutation status using conventional Sanger sequencing and a next-generation sequencing platform (Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (IT-PGM)), in archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neuroblastoma samples. We found a significant difference in IHC results using the three different antibodies, with the highest percentage of positive cases seen on D5F3 immunohistochemistry. Correlation with ALK genomic and hotspot mutational status revealed that the majority of D5F3 ALK-positive cases did not possess either ALK genomic amplification or hotspot mutations. Comparison of sequencing platforms showed a perfect correlation between conventional Sanger and IT-PGM sequencing. Our findings suggest that D5F3 immunohistochemistry, single-color CISH and IT-PGM sequencing are suitable assays for evaluation of ALK status in future neuroblastoma clinical trials.     

贵州啮齿类恙螨初步调查

自1955年以来,我们曾先后在贵州省各地的鼠和松鼠体上采集了一些恙螨。现将部分标本整理,计有10种,其中1种为未曾描述的新种,1 种为我国的新纪录。兹报道如下。 1.地理纤恙螨 Leptotrombidium deliense(Walch,1922) 宿主 (1)黑线姬鼠 Apodemus agrarius ningpoensis     

Arylglycine derivatives as potent transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) antagonists

A series of arylglycine-based analogs was synthesized and tested for TRPM8 antagonism in a cell-based functional assay. Following structure–activity relationship studies in vitro, a number of compounds were identified as potent TRPM8 antagonists and were subsequently evaluated in an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay of icilin-induced ‘wet-dog’ shaking in which compound 12 was fully effective. TRPM8 antagonists of the type described here may be useful in treating pain conditions wherein cold hypersensitivity is a dominant feature.     

Aminoacylation of Bisulphite-modified Yeast Tyrosine Transfer RNA

AS part of a search for the chemical rules underlying the recognition of a tRNA by its aminoacyl-tRNA ligase¹, we are examining the effect of C?U transitions on aminoacylation of tRNA. In this paper, we describe four well-characterized modifications of yeast tRNA^Tyr induced by reaction with bisulphite ions at pH 5.8. Three of the observed changes proved to be C-?U transitions produced by the series of reactions shown in Fig. 1 (refs. 2–5).     

大鼠下丘脑弓状核抑制蓝斑神经元放电的机制及其在电针效应中的作用

本工作在清醒箭毒化大鼠人工呼吸条件下进行。实验显示下丘脑弓状核(AR)内微量注射谷氨酸钠(Glut)所兴奋的 AR 神经元可以显著抑制蓝斑(LC)神经元放电。这一效应可被 LC内注射纳洛酮(Nx)或抗β-内啡肽(β-End)血清,以及切断支配 LC 的β-End 能束取消。这些结果提示它主要是通过兴奋β-End 能神经元,使其在 LC 内的轴突末梢释放β-End 而实现的。由于 LC 内单纯注射 Nx 时 LC 神经元放电率无可见变化,似可认为 AR 对 LC 无明显紧张性抑制作用。实验还显示 LC 内注抗β-End 血清后,电针兴奋 LC 的后期效应增加;如在电针的同时向 AR 内注 Glut 则电针兴奋 LC 的后期效应被取消;表明电针过程中有弓状核β-End 能神经元对 LC 的抑制作用参与。但此抑制作用似弱于电针对 LC 的兴奋效应,故只能取消(较弱的)电针的后期效应。不能取消(较强的)电针的早期效应。