Morphological variation in diadromous and landlocked populations of the spotted galaxias,Galaxias truttaceus,in Tasmania,south-eastern Australia

Synopsis A comparison of a suite of morphometric measurements and meristic counts of individuals of two landlocked lacustrine and two diadromous riverine populations of Galaxias truttaceus was carried out utilising both univariate and canonical variate analyses. Lacustrine fish had fewer dorsal and anal fin rays than did riverine fish. Differences were not as clear for gill rakers and vertebrae. Comparisons of serial counts were made with two derived lacustrine species, G. auratus and G. tanycephalus, also from Tasmania. Lacustrine G. truttaceus varied in the same direction as the derived species, relative to riverine G. truttaceus. From an analysis of 12 body measurements, the first canonical variate clearly separated lacustrine fish from riverine fish largely based on measurements associated with fins (pre-anal fin length, length of anal base, pre-dorsal fin length, maximum length of dorsal fin and inter-orbital width). An overall value for the correct classification of fish into groups based on locality was 84%. The percentage of fish classified into the wrong habitat (lake or stream) was much less than the percentage classified between localities within habitats. Overall morphological variation was greater between than within habitats. It is suggested that the differences in water movement and food type may in part account for the differences shown and that selective pressures peculiar to the lacustrine environment may be causing the lake populations to diverge from the riverine populations.     

Plant regeneration by organogenesis in Vitis rootstock species

A procedure for the regeneration of Vitis rootstocks plantlets by organogenesis from foliar tissues is described. Leaves from mature plants grown in growth chambers or from plantlets grown in tubes were wounded with a scalpel and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog liquid medium containing different concentrations of benzyl-aminopurine. The presence of benzyl-aminopurine is required for shoot formation. The age of the source explant, the composition of the culture medium and the culture temperature are important parameters of the regeneration process.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyl-aminopurine - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - MM modified Murashige and Skoog medium     

Combined morphometrical and syntactic structure analysis as tools for histomorphological insight into human lung carcinoma growth

Histological sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue comprising 60 surgical specimens of human lung carcinoma were Feulgen stained. The histomorphological images were transferred to an automated image analysing system (VISIAC) and analysed as follows. The geometrical centers of tumor cell nuclei were defined as vertices, and the minimum spanning tree (MST) was calculated based on the two-dimensional distance between the vertices. Segmentation of the images was performed semiautomatically by interactive definition of nuclei of interest and automated detection of nuclear boundaries. Several morphometric features of tumor cell nuclei were measured including size, DNA-content (extinction), and form factor, and were set in relation to parameters of the MST. The following results were obtained: DNA-content and tumor cell nucleus size ('center cell') of different microscopic tumor growth patterns are related to the number of nearest neighboring cells. No relation was found in the neighboring (surrounding) cells. The different cell types of lung carcinoma, i.e., the different microscopic tumor textures expressed the relation of center cell features to the parameters of MST. A high amount of DNA content in branching points of the MST for epidermoid carcinoma may be interpreted as carcinoma growing in epidermoid textures tend to proliferate from tumor cell nuclei related to at least one neighboring cell. The opposite was found for large cell anaplastic carcinoma (no perceptible microscopic textures of the tumors) which showed the highest DNA content in tumor cell nuclei but which was not related to any neighboring cells. This technique allows analysis of growth centers and microenvironment conditions in human lung cancer in relation to tumor texture at the light microscopy level.     

Short course chemotherapy for tuberculous lymphadenitis in children.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the efficacy of a short course chemotherapy regimen for treating tuberculosis of the lymph nodes in children. DESIGN--Open, collaborative, outpatient clinical trial. SETTING--Outpatient department of the Tuberculosis Research Centre, paediatric surgery departments of the Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children and the Government Stanley Hospital, Madras, South India. PATIENTS--Children aged 1-12 years with extensive, multiple site, superficial tuberculous lymphadenitis confirmed by biopsy (histopathology or culture). INTERVENTIONS--Patients were treated with a fully supervised intermittent chemotherapy regimen consisting of streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide three times a week for two months followed by streptomycin and isoniazid twice a week for four months on an outpatient basis. Surgery was limited to biopsy of nodes for diagnosis and assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Response to chemotherapy was assessed by regression of lymph nodes and healing of sinuses and abscesses during treatment and follow up. Compliance with treatment and frequency of adverse reactions were also estimated. RESULTS--197 Patients were admitted to the study and 168 into the analysis. The regimen was well tolerated and compliance was good with 101 (60%) patients receiving the prescribed chemotherapy within 15 days of the stipulated period of six months. Those whose chemotherapy extended beyond that period received the same total number of doses. Clinical response was favourable in most patients at the end of treatment. Sinuses and abscesses healed rapidly. Residual lymphadenopathy (exceeding 10 mm diameter) was present in 50 (30%) patients at the end of treatment; these nodes were biopsied. Fresh nodes, increase in size of nodes, and sinuses and abscesses occurred both during treatment and follow up. After 36 months of follow up after treatment only 5 (3%) patients required retreatment for tuberculosis. CONCLUSION--Tuberculous lymphadenitis in children can be successfully treated with a short course chemotherapy regimen of six months.     

Prediction of the secondary structures of bovine blood coagulation factor IX, factor X, and prothrombin

The secondary structures of bovine blood coagulation factors IX and X, as well as that of bovine prothrombin, were predicted on the basis of a computerized combination of the Chou-Fasman and Burgess algorithms. Refinements in the predictions were made after consideration of the content of various secondary structures, as determined by circular dichroism studies of these same proteins. The final turn assignments were in good agreement with those assigned with use of an algorithm involving pattern matching of -turns in proteins of known structure.     

A water-soluble fraction from adult bone stimulates the differentiation of cartilage in explants of embryonic muscle

A water-soluble fraction of a 4 M guanidine HCl extract of demineralized adult bovine bone stimulated the differentiation of cartilage in explants of minced skeletal muscle from embryonic chick legs; cartilage was also induced by a semipurified protein preparation. Cartilage could be identified in treated cultures at 1 week with muscle from day-9 embryos, not before 2 weeks with muscle from day-12 embryos, and not before 3 weeks with muscle from day-19 embryos. The ability to respond to this water-soluble fraction by exhibiting cartilage differentiation was dose-dependent, but not confined to any particular muscle region of the day-12 embryonic leg. These observations indicate that bone-derived soluble chondroinductive agents act on cells in minced embryonic muscle preparations. The induction of cartilage is dependent upon the accessibility of the responding cells to the agents, on the concentration of inductive agents, and on the developmental age of the responsive tissue.     

Responses of plasma human atrial natriuretic factor to high intensity submaximal exercise in the heat

No data exists regarding responses of human atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to exercise in the heat. The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of plasma ANF to high intensity submaximal (71% +/- 0.9 VO2max) exercise in the heat over an eight day acclimation period. Fourteen healthy males volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects performed intermittent exercises on a treadmill (0% grade) during 50 min of each 100 min trial in an environmental chamber maintained at 41.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C, 39.0 +/- 1.7% relative humidity. Blood was obtained from an antecubital vein after standing 20 min in the heat prior to exercise, and immediately after exercise. Measures were compared on days 1, 4 and 8. ANF did not change pre- to post-exercise nor did it change over the eight day heat acclimation period despite other heat acclimation adaptations. Conversely, plasma aldosterone (ALDO), renin activity (PRA) and cortisol (COR) all increased (p less than 0.05) pre- to post-exercise on each day but again no changes were observed over the eight day period. These data support that ANF may not increase when ALDO and PRA increases are observed.     

Expression of the HNK-1/NC-1 epitope in early vertebrate neurogenesis

Summary A family of glycoconjugates has recently been shown to share a common carbohydrate epitope recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody HNK-1. The specificity of HNK-1 was found to be similar to that of another monoclonal antibody, NC-1. These two IgM monoclonal antibodies were raised after immunization of mice with a human T-cell line and avian neural crest-derived ganglia, respectively. The antigens recognized by these antibodies include the myelin-associated glycoprotein, MAG, a glycolipid of defined structure, and a set of molecules involved in cell adhesion. The timing and pattern of appearance of these antigens are distinct. Moreover, the epitope may be absent on an antigen at a given stage or in a given tissue. Therefore, although the molecules able to carry the NC-1/ HNK-1 epitope are numerous and expressed in various tissues, the use of the monoclonal antibodies on tissue sections has proven adequate for following the migration of avian neural crest cells, the major cell lineage recognized by NC-1 and HNK-1 during early embryogenesis. Analogies in several other species have been found on the basis of HNK-1 reactivity. In this study we show that NC-1 and HNK-1 can be used successfully to label migrating neural crest cells in dog, pig and human. On the other hand, the NC-l/HNK-1 epitope was not present on migrating crest cells in amphibians or mice and was found only transiently on the neural crest of rats.