全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5556篇 |
免费 | 477篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 26篇 |
2022年 | 58篇 |
2021年 | 133篇 |
2020年 | 59篇 |
2019年 | 72篇 |
2018年 | 95篇 |
2017年 | 78篇 |
2016年 | 140篇 |
2015年 | 218篇 |
2014年 | 230篇 |
2013年 | 287篇 |
2012年 | 408篇 |
2011年 | 322篇 |
2010年 | 220篇 |
2009年 | 182篇 |
2008年 | 296篇 |
2007年 | 294篇 |
2006年 | 257篇 |
2005年 | 230篇 |
2004年 | 230篇 |
2003年 | 186篇 |
2002年 | 169篇 |
2001年 | 184篇 |
2000年 | 162篇 |
1999年 | 130篇 |
1998年 | 52篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 36篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 92篇 |
1991年 | 77篇 |
1990年 | 80篇 |
1989年 | 84篇 |
1988年 | 61篇 |
1987年 | 62篇 |
1986年 | 68篇 |
1985年 | 68篇 |
1984年 | 54篇 |
1983年 | 49篇 |
1982年 | 40篇 |
1981年 | 28篇 |
1980年 | 31篇 |
1979年 | 42篇 |
1978年 | 31篇 |
1976年 | 27篇 |
1975年 | 27篇 |
1974年 | 34篇 |
1973年 | 36篇 |
排序方式: 共有6037条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Abstract An anaerobic ethanologenic strain of extremely thermophilic bacteria isolated from a New Zealand hot spring resembled Thermoanaerobium brockii in morphology and cell-wall ultrastructure. However, antibodies produced against the New Zealand isolate did not crossreact with the type strain of T. brockii . The New Zealand isolate strain Tok6-B1 fermented a wider range of carbohydrate substrates, including pentoses, and was less inhibited by a hydrogen atmosphere. Ethanol and acetate were major end-products and lactate a minor product of glucose fermentation. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, these 3 end-products were formed in approximately equal amounts. 相似文献
72.
The stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by acetoacetate precursors. A role for the monocarboxylate translocator 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The regulation of the gluconeogenic pathway from the 3-carbon precursors pyruvate, lactate, and alanine was investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. Using pyruvate (less than 1 mM), lactate, or alanine as the gluconeogenic precursor, infusion of the acetoacetate precursors oleate, acetate, or beta-hydroxybutyrate stimulated the rate of glucose production and, in the case of pyruvate (less than 1 mM), the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation. alpha-Cyanocinnamate, an inhibitor of the monocarboxylate transporter, prevented the stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation and glucose production due to acetate infusion. With lactate as the gluconeogenic precursor, acetate infusion in the presence of L-carnitine stimulated the rate of gluconeogenesis (100%) and ketogenesis (60%) without altering the tissue acetyl-CoA level usually considered a requisite for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by fatty acids. Hence, our studies suggest that gluconeogenesis from pyruvate or other substrates which are converted to pyruvate prior to glucose synthesis may be limited or controlled by the rate of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial compartment on the monocarboxylate translocator. 相似文献
73.
The regulation of carbonic anhydrase by environmental conditions was determined forChlamydomonas reinhardtii. The depression of carbonic anhydrase in air-grown cells was pH-dependent. Growth of cells on air at acid pH, corresponding to 10 m CO2 in solution, resulted in complete repression of carbonic-anhydrase activity. At pH 6.9, increasing the CO2 concentration to 0.15% (v/v) in the gas phase, corresponding to 11 M in solution, was sufficient to completely repress carbonic-anhydrase activity. Photosynthesis and intracellular inorganic carbon were measured in air-grown and high-CO2-grown cells using a silicone-oil centrifugation technique. With carbonic anhydrase repressed cells limited inorganic-carbon accumulation resulted from non-specific binding of CO2. With air-grown cells, inorganic-carbon uptake at acid pH, i.e. 5.5, was linear up to 0.5 mM external inorganic-carbon concentration whereas at alkaline pH, i.e. 7.5, the accumulation ratio decreased with increase in external inorganic-carbon concentration. It is suggested that in air-grown cells at acid pH, CO2 is the inorganic carbon species that crosses the plasmalemma. The conversion of CO2 to HCO
3
-
by carbonic anhydrase in the cytosol results in inorganic-carbon accumulation and maintains the diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide across the cell boundary. However, this mechanism will not account for energy-dependent accumulation of inorganic carbon when there is little difference in pH between the exterior and cytosol. 相似文献
74.
GABA neurones in retinas of different species and their postnatal development in situ and in culture in the rabbit retina 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary The localisation of GABA immunoreactive neurones in retinas of a variety of animals was examined. Immunoreactivity was associated with specific populations of amacrine neurones in all species examined, viz. rat, rabbit, goldfish, frog, pigeon and guinea-pig. All species, with the exception of the frog, possessed immunoreactive perikarya in their retinal ganglion cell layers. These perikarya are probably displaced amacrine cells because GABA immunoreactivity was absent from the optic nerves and destruction of the rat optic nerve did not result in degeneration of these cells. GABA immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer plexiform layers of all the retinas studied; these processes are derived from GABA-positive horizontal cells in rat, rabbit, frog, pigeon and goldfish retinas, from bipolar-like cells in the frog, and probably from interplexiform cells in the guinea-pig retina.The development of GABA-positive neurones in the rabbit retina was also analysed. Immunoreactivity was clearly associated with subpopulations of amacrine and horizontal cells on the second postnatal day. The immunoreactivity at this stage is strong, and fairly well developed processes are apparent. The intensity of the immunoreactivity increases with development in the case of the amacrine cells. The immunoreactive neurones appear fully developed at about the 8th postnatal day, although the immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer becomes more dispersed as development proceeds. The immunoreactive horizontal cells become less apparent as development proceeds, but they can still be seen in the adult retina.The GABA immunoreactive cells in rabbit retinas can be maintained in culture. Cultures of retinal cells derived from 2-day-old animals can be maintained for up to 20 days and show the presence of GABA-positive cells at all stages. In one-day-old cultures the GABA immunoreactive cells lacked processes but within three days had clearly defined processes. After maintenance for 10 days a meshwork of GABA-positive fibres could also be seen in the cultures. 相似文献
75.
Bacteroides polypragmatus, a mesophilic obligate anaerobe, was shown to simultaneously ferment glucose and cellobiose giving ethanol as a major metabolic end-product. A mixture of higher cellodextrins was also utilized. The bacterium produced a -glucosidase with a pI value of 4.2 and a molecular weight of approximately 100000 daltons. The enzyme was intracellular and functioned optimally at pH 7. The K
m values obtained with p-nitrophenyl--d-glucoside and cellobiose as substrates were 0.73 mM and 100 mM, respectively. The enzyme was quite stable at elevated temperatures; in the presence of 10% glycerol (v/v), it had a half-life of 4 h at 55°C. It was also stable during long-term storage at either 4°C or-20°C, provided that 10% (v/v) glycerol was added to preparations maintained at-20°C.Abbreviations HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography
- IEF
isoelectric focusing
-
pNPG
p-nitrophenyl--d-glucoside
NRCC No. 25676 相似文献
76.
Complete nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence of cDNA encoding the mitochondrial uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue: lack of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7 下载免费PDF全文
R G Ridley H V Patel G E Gerber R C Morton K B Freeman 《Nucleic acids research》1986,14(10):4025-4035
A cDNA clone spanning the entire amino acid sequence of the nuclear-encoded uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria has been isolated and sequenced. With the exception of the N-terminal methionine the deduced N-terminus of the newly synthesized uncoupling protein is identical to the N-terminal 30 amino acids of the native uncoupling protein as determined by protein sequencing. This proves that the protein contains no N-terminal mitochondrial targeting prepiece and that a targeting region must reside within the amino acid sequence of the mature protein. 相似文献
77.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are important enzymes in the regulation of muscle pyruvate metabolism and their in vitro measured activities have been studied in muscle from rested and exercised rats. In addition, the muscle concentration of metabolic intermediates associated with pyruvate metabolism has been measured after exercise. Phosphoenolpyruvate concentration was decreased to less than half the value found in rested muscle but pyruvate concentration did not change. This suggests an increase in the in vivo rate of conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Concentrations of malate and aspartate increased two- to threefold which suggests that oxaloacetate concentration was also increased. An increase in oxaloacetate availability would increase acetyl CoA metabolism and therefore would increase pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in vivo. The basal activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase measured in vitro increased approximately twofold after 2 hr of exercise and returned to control values 5 min after the cessation of exercise. Total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (activated to the maximal extent) was not changed by exercise. Muscle PEPCK activity was also increased during exercise suggesting an increased rate of conversion of oxaloacetate to pyruvate to provide net oxidation of oxaloacetate and other citric acid cycle intermediates. Results of this study demonstrate that the rates of formation and metabolism of pyruvate are increased during exercise. 相似文献
78.
Ramesh N. Patel Ching T. Hou P. Derelanko 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》1983,221(1):135-142
An NAD+-linked, reduced glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from soluble extracts of methanol-grown yeast, Pichia sp. Formaldehyde and methylglyoxal are oxidized in the presence of NAD+ as an electron acceptor. NADP+ could not replace NAD+. Other straight chain aldehydes (C2–C6 tested), branched-chain aldehydes (e.g., isobutyaldehyde), aromatic aldehydes (e.g., salicylal-dehyde, benzaldehyde), glutyraldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glycoaldehyde, and glyoxal-dehyde tested were not oxidized by the purified formaldehyde dehydrogenase. The product of formaldehyde oxidation by purified enzyme was demonstrated to be S-for-mylglutathione by measuring the absorption at 240 nm due to the formation of thioester of formaldehyde and reduced glutathione. The Km values for NAD+, formaldehyde, and reduced glutathione were 0.12, 0.31, and 0.16 mm, respectively, for the forward reaction at pH 8.0. The purified formaldehyde dehydrogenase also catalyzed the reduction of S-formylglutathione in the presence of NADH. Formate was not reduced by the purified enzyme. The Km values for S-formylglutathione and NADH were 0.60 and 0.25 mm, respectively, for the reverse reaction at pH 6.0. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase has a molecular weight of 84,000 as determined by gel filtration and subunit molecular weight of 41,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. S-Formylglutathione, a product of formaldehyde oxidation, was oxidized by the partially purified formate dehydrogenase from Pichia sp. Formate dehydrogenase has a higher affinity toward S-formylglutathione (Km value 1.8 mm) than toward formate (Km value 25 mm). Antiserum prepared against the purified formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pichia sp. NRRL-Y-11328 forms strong precipitin bands with isofunctional enzymes from methanol-grown Pichia pastoris NRRL-Y-7556 and Torulopsis candida Y-11419 and weak precipitin bands with Hansenula polymorpha NRRL-Y-2214. No cross-reaction was observed with isofunctional enzyme derived from methanol-grown Kloeckera sp. 相似文献
79.
Epoxidation of Short-Chain Alkenes by Resting-Cell Suspensions of Propane-Grown Bacteria 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Ching T. Hou Ramesh Patel Allen I. Laskin Nancy Barnabe Irene Barist 《Applied microbiology》1983,46(1):171-177
Sixteen new cultures of propane-utilizing bacteria were isolated from lake water from Warinanco Park, Linden, N.J. and from lake and soil samples from Bayway Refinery, Linden, N.J. In addition, 19 known cultures obtained from culture collections were also found to be able to grow on propane as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition to their ability to oxidize n-alkanes, resting-cell suspensions of both new cultures and known cultures grown on propane oxidize short-chain alkenes to their corresponding 1,2-epoxides. Among the substrate alkenes, propylene was oxidized at the highest rate. In contrast to the case with methylotrophic bacteria, the product epoxides are further metabolized. Propane and other gaseous n-alkanes inhibit the epoxidation of propylene. The optimum conditions for in vivo epoxidation are described. Results from inhibition studies indicate that a propane monooxygenase system catalyzes both the epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Experiments with cell-free extracts show that both hydroxylation and epoxidation activities are located in the soluble fraction obtained after 80,000 × g centrifugation. 相似文献
80.
Production of Methyl Ketones from Secondary Alcohols by Cell Suspensions of C2 to C4n-Alkane-Grown Bacteria 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Ching T. Hou Ramesh Patel Allen I. Laskin Nancy Barnabe Irene Barist 《Applied microbiology》1983,46(1):178-184
Nineteen new C2 to C4n-alkane-grown cultures were isolated from lake water from Warinanco Park, Linden, N.J., and from lake and soil samples from Bayway Refinery, Linden, N.J. Fifteen known liquid alkane-utilizing cultures were also found to be able to grow on C2 to C4n-alkanes. Cell suspensions of these C2 to C4n-alkane-grown bacteria oxidized 2-alcohols (2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, and 2-hexanol) to their corresponding methyl ketones. The product methyl ketones accumulated extracellularly. Cells grown on 1-propanol or 2-propanol oxidized both primary and secondary alcohols. In addition, the activity for production of methyl ketones from secondary alcohols was found in cells grown on either alkanes, alcohols, or alkylamines, indicating that the enzyme(s) responsible for this reaction is constitutive. The optimum conditions for in vivo methyl ketone formation from secondary alcohols were compared among selected strains: Brevibacterium sp. strain CRL56, Nocardia paraffinica ATCC 21198, and Pseudomonas fluorescens NRRL B-1244. The rates for the oxidation of secondary alcohols were linear for the first 3 h of incubation. Among secondary alcohols, 2-propanol and 2-butanol were oxidized at the highest rate. A pH around 8.0 to 9.0 was found to be the optimum for acetone or 2-butanone formation from 2-alcohols. The temperature optimum for the production of acetone or 2-butanone from 2-propanol or 2-butanol was rather high at 60°C, indicating that the enzyme involved in the reaction is relatively thermally stable. Metal-chelating agents inhibit the production of methyl ketones, suggesting the involvement of a metal(s) in the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found in the cell-free soluble fraction; this activity requires a cofactor, specifically NAD. Propane monooxygenase activity was also found in the cell-free soluble fraction. It is a nonspecific enzyme catalyzing both terminal and subterminal oxidation of n-alkanes. 相似文献