全文获取类型
收费全文 | 626篇 |
免费 | 47篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 17篇 |
2015年 | 37篇 |
2014年 | 32篇 |
2013年 | 44篇 |
2012年 | 38篇 |
2011年 | 43篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 30篇 |
2007年 | 42篇 |
2006年 | 21篇 |
2005年 | 37篇 |
2004年 | 28篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有690条查询结果,搜索用时 312 毫秒
101.
A hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid (HASL) bioreactor is an enhanced two-phase anaerobic system, that consists of a solid waste reactor as the acidification reactor and a wastewater reactor, i.e. an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor as the methanogenic reactor. Food waste digestion in HASL bioreactors with pre-acidification and HASL operation stages was investigated in two separate runs. After 8 days of pre-acidification in Run A and 4 days in Run B, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in the leachates of both acidification reactors were similar. During HASL operation stage, TVFA and COD removal in the methanogenic phase were 77–100% and 75–95%, respectively. Some 99% of the total methane generated was from the methanogenic phase with a content of 68–70% methane. At the end of operation, about 59–60% of the added volatile solids (VS) were removed with a methane yield of 0.25 l g–1 VS. 相似文献
102.
103.
104.
Lin Xiao Can Chen Zhendong Li Sumin Zhu Johan Ck Tay Xi Zhang Shijun Zha Jieming Zeng Wee Kiat Tan Xin Liu Wee Joo Chng Shu Wang 《Cytotherapy》2018,20(3):420-435
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood that has been extensively investigated for their tolerability, safety and anticancer efficacy. A hindrance to the broad application of these cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy has been attaining clinically appropriate numbers of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exist at low frequencies among cancer patients. We, therefore, sought to conceive an economical method that allows for a quick and robust large-scale expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. A two-step protocol was developed, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors or cancer patients were activated with Zometa and interleukin (IL)-2, followed by co-culturing with gamma-irradiated, CD64-, CD86- and CD137L-expressing K562 artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) in the presence of the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3. We optimized the co-culture ratio of K562 aAPCs to immune cells, and migrated this method to a G-Rex cell growth platform to derive clinically relevant cell numbers in a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant manner. We further include a depletion step to selectively remove αβ T lymphocytes. The method exhibited high expansion folds and a specific enrichment of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype with a concomitant down-regulated expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors. Finally, we ascertained the cytotoxic activity of these expanded cells by using nonmodified and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–engrafted Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against a panel of solid tumor cells. Overall, we report an efficient approach to generate highly functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in massive numbers suitable for clinical application in an allogeneic setting. 相似文献
105.
CPEB is a sequence-specific RNA binding protein that regulates translation during vertebrate oocyte maturation. Adult female CPEB knockout mice contained vestigial ovaries that were devoid of oocytes; ovaries from mid-gestation embryos contained oocytes that were arrested at the pachytene stage. Male CPEB null mice also contained germ cells arrested at pachytene. The germ cells from the knockout mice harbored fragmented chromatin, suggesting a possible defect in homologous chromosome adhesion or synapsis. Two CPE-containing synaptonemal complex protein mRNAs, which interact with CPEB in vitro and in vivo, contained shortened poly(A) tails and mostly failed to sediment with polysomes in the null mice. Synaptonemal complexes were not detected in these animals. CPEB therefore controls germ cell differentiation by regulating the formation of the synaptonemal complex. 相似文献
106.
The initial steps in taste and olfaction result from the activation by
chemical stimuli of taste receptor cells (TRCs) and olfactory receptor
neurons (ORNs). In parallel with these two pathways is the chemosensitive
trigeminal pathway whose neurons terminate in the oral and nasal cavities
and which are activated by many of the same chemical stimuli that activate
TRCs and ORNs. In a recent single unit study we investigated the responses
of rat chorda tympani and glossopharnygeal neurons to a variety of
bitter-tasting alkaloids, including nicotine, yohimbine, quinine,
strychnine and caffeine, as well as capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in
hot pepper. Here we apply many of these same compounds to cultured rat
trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and measure changes in intracellular
calcium [Ca2+]i to determine whether TG neurons will respond to these same
compounds. Of the 89 neurons tested, 34% responded to 1 mM nicotine, 7% to
1 mM caffeine, 5% to 1 mM denatonium benzoate, 22% to 1 mM quinine
hydrochloride, 18% to 1 mM strychnine and 55% to 1 microM capsaicin. These
data suggest that neurons from the TG respond to the same bitter-tasting
chemical stimuli as do TRCs and are likely to contribute information sent
to the higher CNS regarding the perception of bitter/irritating chemical
stimuli.
相似文献
107.
Characterization of Two Subsurface H2-Utilizing Bacteria, Desulfomicrobium hypogeium sp. nov. and Acetobacterium psammolithicum sp. nov., and Their Ecological Roles 下载免费PDF全文
Lee R. Krumholz Steve H. Harris Stephen T. Tay Joseph M. Suflita 《Applied microbiology》1999,65(6):2300-2306
We examined the relative roles of acetogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria in H2 consumption in a previously characterized subsurface sandstone ecosystem. Enrichment cultures originally inoculated with ground sandstone material obtained from a Cretaceous formation in central New Mexico were grown with hydrogen in a mineral medium supplemented with 0.02% yeast extract. Sulfate reduction and acetogenesis occurred in these cultures, and the two most abundant organisms carrying out the reactions were isolated. Based on 16S rRNA analysis data and on substrate utilization patterns, these organisms were named Desulfomicrobium hypogeium sp. nov. and Acetobacterium psammolithicum sp. nov. The steady-state H2 concentrations measured in sandstone-sediment slurries (threshold concentration, 5 nM), in pure cultures of sulfate reducers (threshold concentration, 2 nM), and in pure cultures of acetogens (threshold concentrations 195 to 414 nM) suggest that sulfate reduction is the dominant terminal electron-accepting process in the ecosystem examined. In an experiment in which direct competition for H2 between D. hypogeium and A. psammolithicum was examined, sulfate reduction was the dominant process. 相似文献
108.
The histological effect on and stress response of post juvenile Clarias gariepinus exposed to Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash were investigated. Fish weighing 60–90 g and measuring 16–18 cm were exposed for 7–28 days to 8.00 ml?1 Qua Iboe crude oil and 0.0018 ml–1 rig wash, both being 0.1 of the 96 hr LC50. Blood samples of C. gariepinus were collected every seven days and evaluated for stress by measuring cortisol concentration. The gills and liver were studied and scored for Gill Alteration Index (GAI) and Hepatic Alteration Index (HAI), respectively. There was an increase in cortisol level up to the 7th and 14th day among the group exposed to Qua Iboe crude oil, with a decrease on the 21st and 28th day. The rig wash group increased in cortisol level up to the 7th day and decreased slightly on the 14th day, after which the trend became irregular. The toxic effects of the Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash were time dependent, as shown by the histopathological alteration index (HAI) of gill and liver. After 28 days of exposure, the gills had irreparable damage due to high frequency of cellular necrosis and degeneration, whereas the liver had from moderate to severe damage due to the high frequency of cellular degeneration and inflammation. Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash are both toxic to C. gariepinus, therefore their indiscriminate discharge to the environment must be discouraged. 相似文献
109.
110.
Xiao-Qi Zhang Chengdao Li Amy Tay Reg Lance Daryl Mares Judy Cheong Mehmet Cakir Junhong Ma Rudi Appels 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2008,22(2):227-236
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a complex trait controlled by multiple genes with strong interaction between environment and
genotype that makes it difficult to select breeding materials by phenotypic assessment. One of the most important genes for
pre-harvest sprouting resistance is consistently identified on the long arm of chromosome 4A. The 4AL PHS tolerance gene has
therefore been targeted by Australian white-grained wheat breeders. A new robust PCR marker for the PHS QTL on wheat chromosome
4AL based on candidate genes search was developed in this study. The new marker was mapped on 4AL deletion bin 13-0.59-0.66
using 4AL deletion lines derived from Chinese Spring. This marker is located on 4AL between molecular markers Xbarc170 and Xwg622 in the doubled-haploid wheat population Cranbrook × Halberd. It was mapped between molecular markers Xbarc170 and Xgwm269 that have been previously shown to be closely linked to grain dormancy in the doubled haploid wheat population SW95-50213 × Cunningham
and was co-located with Xgwm269 in population Janz × AUS1408. This marker offers an additional efficient tool for marker-assisted selection of dormancy for
white-grained wheat breeding. Comparative analysis indicated that the wheat chromosome 4AL QTL for seed dormancy and PHS resistance
is homologous with the barley QTL on chromosome 5HL controlling seed dormancy and PHS resistance. This marker will facilitate
identification of the gene associated with the 4A QTL that controls a major component of grain dormancy and PHS resistance. 相似文献