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Hypocotyl growth of dark-grown squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.)seedlings was greatly reduced by the addition of polyethyleneglycol (60 mM) to the hydroponic solution through inhibitionof cell elongation. Measurement of the mechanical propertiesof the cell walls revealed that the cell wall of stressed hypocotylswas loosened as much as that of the unstressed hypocotyls, suggestingthat the stressed hypocotyl could not elongate even though thecell wall loosened. Galactose and arabinose in the pectic fraction,which are probably attached to high mol wt rhamnogalacturonans,increased under stressed as well as under unstressed condition.Other polysaccharides including pectic low mol wt galacturonans,hemicellulosic xyloglucans, galactoglucomannans, arabinans,and glucuronoarabinoxylans increased more under unstressed condition.The mol wt of xyloglucans in the hemicellulosic fraction increasedunder unstressed but not under stressed condition. These results suggest that changes in wall structure, such asincreases in high mol wt rhamnogaracturonans rich in arabinoseand galactose residues, and the suppression of polymerizationof xyloglucans are involved in the process of cell wall loosening. (Received December 15, 1986; Accepted June 8, 1987) 相似文献
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Keiko Watanabe Norio Nagao Tatsuki Toda Norio Kurosawa 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(5):803-811
Bacterial community succession in the start-up of a large-scale, completely-mixed composting reactor was analyzed by 16S rRNA
gene (16S rDNA) clone analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) combined with measurements of temperature,
pH, moisture contents, and decomposing rate. DGGE analysis and physicochemical parameters showed that bacterial community
succession occurred in four phases; (1) at the start of operation and pH decreasing period (day 0–3), (2) pH decreased and
increased period (day 4–11), (3) middle term, moisture content decreasing and maximum temperature increased period (day 12–16)
and (4) latter term, temperature decreasing period (day 17–24). Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus coagulans were detected from the initial phase and middle term, respectively. 16S rDNA clone analysis showed that the dominant bacteria
shifted from the order “Lactobacillales” to Bacillales and Actinomycetales. The order “Lactobacillales” was unique which may be caused by using the plastic bottle flakes (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) as bulking agent. 相似文献
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Shigeyuki Tsutsui Tatsuki Yoshinaga Shun Watanabe Katsumi Tsukamoto Osamu Nakamura 《Journal of fish biology》2019,94(4):660-670
In this study, we determined the genomic DNA sequences of the mucosal galectin-encoding genes from all 19 species and subspecies of the genus Anguilla. The nucleotide sequences of the galectin genes were c. 2.3–2.5 kb long and the organisation of their four exons and three introns was conserved in all species. An unusual sequence was found in the fourth exon of Anguilla reinhardtii, resulting in a unique deduced amino-acid sequence at the C-terminus. All six amino-acid residues important for β-galactoside binding were conserved in three species, while one residue (R73) was substituted to K73 in the other 16 species–subspecies, including Anguilla marmorata. However, this substitution did not appear to affect the sugar-binding ability of galectins because the galectin of A. marmorata was previously shown to bind to lactose. We also discuss the molecular evolution of galectins among Anguilla spp. and the homologues previously identified in Conger myriaster. 相似文献
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Fujise T Iwakiri R Wu B Amemori S Kakimoto T Yokoyama F Sakata Y Tsunada S Fujimoto K 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2006,291(1):G110-G116
We have previously demonstrated that fasting and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced apoptosis in rat intestinal mucosa. It is widely accepted that apoptosis is induced through two main pathways. This study aimed to compare apoptotic pathways following fasting and I/R. Rats were divided into two groups: the I/R group involved occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min, followed by 60-min reperfusion, whereas the fasting group involved fasting for 24 or 48 h. Intestinal apoptosis was assessed as percentage of fragmented DNA, by electrophoresis and by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUDP-biotin nick- end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Apoptotic proteins including death ligands/receptors and caspases were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Small intestinal mucosal height and mitochondrial dehydrogenase function were assessed. Fasting and I/R significantly induced intestinal apoptosis. Mucosal height was significantly decreased in fasting rats, and mitochondrial dysfunction was induced only by I/R. Expressions of Fas, Fas ligand, and TNF-alpha type 1 receptor were enhanced in fasting and I/R rats. After I/R, expressions of cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-9 were significantly increased. In contrast, expressions of cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3 increased in fasting rats. Fasting promoted mucosal apoptosis via a receptor-mediated type I apoptotic pathway in the rat small intestine, and I/R induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated type II pathway. 相似文献
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Extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) activates specific G protein-coupled purinoceptors (P2Y), and ATP-P2Y signaling
pathways induces intracellular Ca2+ mobilization resulting in changes in the gene expression of a variety of proteins in astrocytes. This study investigated
whether the exposure of cultured astrocytes to sublethal ischemia produced resistance to subsequent lethal ischemic stress,
and if so, whether the extracellular ATP-P2Y signaling pathways were responsible for the tolerance. Ischemia-like insults,
sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (sOGD), produced tolerance to subsequent lethal OGD stress in cultured astrocytes. Early
during reperfusion after sOGD, the amount of extracellular ATP and the expression of both P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors were increased, leading to enhanced activation of the extracellular ATP-P2Y signaling pathways. The occurrence
of intracellular spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations was also increased. In addition, sOGD treatment enhanced the expression of the phosphorylated form of extracellular
signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (p-ERK 1/2), and treatment with an inhibitor of ERK significantly attenuated the sOGD-induced ischemic tolerance of astrocytes. 相似文献