To1, previously named Tc49b, is a peptide neurotoxin isolated from venom of the scorpion
Tityus obscurus that is responsible for lethal human poisoning cases in the Brazilian Amazonian region. Previously, To1 was shown to be lethal to mice and to change Na
+ permeation in cerebellum granular neurons from rat brain. In addition, To1 did not affect Shaker B K
+ channels. Based on sequence similarities, To1 was described as a β-toxin. In the present work, To1 was purified from
T. obscurus venom and submitted to an electrophysiological characterization in human and invertebrate Na
V channels. The analysis of the electrophysiological experiments reveal that To1 enhances the open probability at more negative potentials of human Na
V 1.3 and 1.6, of the insect channel BgNa
V1 and of arachnid VdNa
V1 channel. In addition, To1 reduces the peak of Na
+ currents in some of the Na
Vs tested. These results support the classification of the To1 as a β-toxin. A structure and functional comparison to other β-toxins that share sequence similarity to To1 is also presented.
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