全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3170篇 |
免费 | 215篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
3386篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 29篇 |
2021年 | 74篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 50篇 |
2018年 | 37篇 |
2017年 | 44篇 |
2016年 | 62篇 |
2015年 | 144篇 |
2014年 | 160篇 |
2013年 | 204篇 |
2012年 | 232篇 |
2011年 | 242篇 |
2010年 | 161篇 |
2009年 | 135篇 |
2008年 | 182篇 |
2007年 | 220篇 |
2006年 | 195篇 |
2005年 | 171篇 |
2004年 | 185篇 |
2003年 | 153篇 |
2002年 | 129篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 24篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 26篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 11篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3386条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
91.
de Jong A Dondorp WJ Frints SG de Die-Smulders CE de Wert GM 《Nature reviews. Genetics》2011,12(9):657-663
Prenatal screening strategies are undergoing rapid changes owing to the introduction of new testing techniques. The overall tendency is towards broadening the scope of prenatal testing through increasingly sensitive ultrasound scans and genome-wide molecular tests. In addition, non-invasive prenatal diagnosis is likely to be introduced in the near future. These developments raise important ethical questions concerning meaningful reproductive choice, the autonomy rights of future children, equity of access and the proportionality of testing. 相似文献
92.
Estrogen receptor β regulates the tumoral suppressor PTEN to modulate pituitary cell growth 下载免费PDF全文
93.
Résumé Les Auteurs ont démontré que, en conditions histochimiques sur du matériel fixé au formol, les acides phosphotungstique et phosphomolybdique ont une double action: 1. une action oxydative à la charge des radicaux PAS-positifs (vic-glycols et éthyleniques) en milieu aqueux, et à la charge des radicaux aminiques en milieu anhydre; cette action entraine la transformation de ces radicaux en aldéhydes; 2. la formation d'une liaison chimique entre les aldéhydes et les molécules des acides phosphomolybdique et phosphotungstique. — La coloration du collagène, au contraire, n'est pas due ni aux radicaux aminiques ni vic-glycols et implique un mécanisme encore inconnu.
Observations about the specificity of staining of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acid
Summary The authors demonstrated that phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acid applied to formol-fixed tissues explete two following actions: 1. An oxidative action on the PAS-positive radicals (double bonds, vic-glycols groups) if in water solution and on aminogroups if in anhydrous solution. This oxidation results in a production of aldehydic radicals 2. The formation of chemical bonds between the aldehydic new-formed groups and the molecules of phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdicacid.— However, the above mentioned mechanism of action is not applicable to the collagen staining for which a different explanation has to be supposed.相似文献
94.
Roberta Ascrizzi Simonetta Maccioni Gianni Bedini Guido Flamini 《Plant biosystems》2019,153(4):538-543
Two populations of Stachys recta growing in Italy on ultramafic and calcareous soils have been studied for their essential oils. Although the yields were comparable, the composition of the essential oils differed significantly. Plants growing on ultramafic soil produced mainly non-terpene derivatives (55.7%), of which the most abundant ones were 1-octen-3-ol (38.2%) and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol (5.9%); the terpenes α-cadinol (6.1%) and δ-cadinene (5.6%) were also significantly represented. In contrast, the populations living on calcareous soil produced an essential oil dominated by terpenes (93.8%), with germacrene D (18.8%), β-caryophyllene (17.7%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%) and α-pinene (14.2%) among the main components. 相似文献
95.
Hannah B?hm Isabell Albert Stan Oome Tom M. Raaymakers Guido Van den Ackerveken Thorsten Nürnberger 《PLoS pathogens》2014,10(11)
Microbe- or host damage-derived patterns mediate activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Microbial virulence factor (effector)-triggered immunity (ETI) constitutes a second layer of plant protection against microbial attack. Various necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) produced by bacterial, oomycete and fungal microbes are phytotoxic virulence factors that exert immunogenic activities through phytotoxin-induced host cell damage. We here show that multiple cytotoxic NLPs also carry a pattern of 20 amino acid residues (nlp20) that triggers immunity-associated plant defenses and immunity to microbial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plant species with similar characteristics as the prototype pattern, bacterial flagellin. Characteristic differences in flagellin and nlp20 plant responses exist however, as nlp20s fail to trigger extracellular alkalinization in Arabidopsis cell suspensions and seedling growth inhibition. Immunogenic nlp20 peptide motifs are frequently found in bacterial, oomycete and fungal NLPs. Such an unusually broad taxonomic distribution within three phylogenetic kingdoms is unprecedented among microbe-derived triggers of immune responses in either metazoans or plants. Our findings suggest that cytotoxic NLPs carrying immunogenic nlp20 motifs trigger PTI in two ways as typical patterns and by inflicting host cell damage. We further propose that conserved structures within a microbial virulence factor might have driven the emergence of a plant pattern recognition system mediating PTI. As this is reminiscent of the evolution of immune receptors mediating ETI, our findings support the idea that there is a continuum between PTI and ETI. 相似文献
96.
97.
Aren van Waarde Guido van den Thillart Fred Dobbe 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1982,147(1):53-59
Summary Changes in the concentrations of ammonia, glutamate, alanine, aspartate, -ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate and succinate were measured in freeze-clamped lateralred muscle, dorsal white muscle and liver, and in rapidly cooled blood of goldfish after 12 h of anoxia. Alanine accumulation, succinate accumulation and aspartate depletion are observed in all tissues examined; in the liver the concentrations of glutamate increase and those of ammonia decrease. The mass-action ratio of the glutamate-pyruvate transaminase-catalyzed reaction stays within one order of magnitude from thermodynamic equilibrium in the direction of alanine formation. The mass-action ratio of the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase reaction is far from equilibrium when measured oxaloacetate concentrations are used. When levels of free oxaloacetate are calculated from LDH and MDH equilibrium constants, the mass-action ratio of glutamate-oxaloacetate transamination is close to equilibrium in the direction of aspartate formation. Since neither alanine nor glutamate decreases, and since ammonia gradients suggest a continuous ammonia production in all tissues examined, anaerobic proteolysis is assumed. A possible coupling between amino acid catabolism and ethanol production is discussed.Abbreviations
ALA
alanine
-
ASP
aspartate
-
EDTA
ethylene diamine tetraacetate
-
FP
ox
oxidated flavoprotein
-
FP
red
reduced flavoprotein
-
FUM
fumarate
-
GLU
glutamate
-
GOT
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
-
GPT
glutamate pyruvate transaminase
-
IMP
inosine monophosphate
- KG
-ketoglutarate
-
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
-
MAL
malate
-
MAR
mass action ratio
-
MDH
malate dehydrogenase
-
OAA
oxaloacetate
-
PYR
pyruvate
-
sAMP
adenylosuccinate
-
SDH
succinate dehydrogenase
-
SUCC
succinate 相似文献
98.
The divalent cation requirements of NOS activity in bovine retina homogenate supernatant were investigated. Supernatants were assayed under standard conditions (in mM: EDTA 0.45, Ca2+ 0.25, Mg2+ 4.0). In order to investigate the enzyme's dependence on divalent cations, the tissue homogenate was depleted of di- and trivalent cations by passing it over a cation-exchange column (Chelex 100). Surprisingly, NOS activity was 50-100% higher in this preparation. However, addition of either EDTA (33 M) or EGTA (1 mM) almost fully inhibited NOS activity, suggesting a requirement for residual divalent metal cation(s). Phenanthroline or iminodiacetic acid at low concentrations had little effect on activity, suggesting no requirement for Fe2+, Zn2+ or Cu2+. Ca2+ had a moderate stimulatory effect, with an optimum activity around 0.01 mM. Mg2+ or Mn2+ had little effect at concentrations < 0.25 mM. However, in the presence of EDTA, Mn2+ or Ca2+ markedly stimulated NOS activity with the optimum at 0.1 mM. At high concentrations (> 0.1-0.2 mM), all divalent cations tested (Ba2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+), as well as La3+, dose-dependently inhibited NOS activity. We propose that retinal NOS requires low concentrations of naturally occurring divalent metal ions, most probably Ca2+, for optimal activity and is inhibited by high di- and trivalent metal concentrations, probably by competition with Ca2+. 相似文献
99.
Eya Khemis Mayssa Ben Mustapha Ikbel Chaieb Roberta Ascrizzi Guido Flamini Abdel Halim Harrath Hichem Ben Jannet Afifa Zardi-Bergaoui 《化学与生物多样性》2023,20(2):e202200646
Due to the several side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, and the development of pest resistance to insecticides, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. Recently, the use of essential oil obtained from aromatic plants has shown significant potential for insect pest management. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from seeds of Thapsia garganica L. was investigated for the first time for its chemical profile, and its toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum adults. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 18 organic volatiles representing 96.8 % of the total constituents. The main compounds were 1,4-dimethylazulene (51.3 %) followed by methyl palmitate (8.2 %), methyl linoleate (6.2 %) and costol (5.1 %). Concerning the repellent effect, results revealed that SEO (Seed Essential Oil) was very repellent towards T. castaneum adults, with 100 % repellency after 2 h of exposure. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited remarkable contact toxicity against T. castaneum (93.3 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 % (v/v). The median lethal dose (LD50) of the topical application of the seed essential oil was 4.4 %. These encouraging outcomes suggested that the essential oil from T. garganica seeds could be considered a potent natural alternative to residual persistent and toxic insecticides. 相似文献
100.