Chlorella vulgaris as a lipid source: Cultivation on air and seawater‐simulating medium in a helicoidal photobioreactor

The freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris was cultured batchwise on the seawater‐simulating Schlösser medium either in a 1.1‐L‐working volume helicoidal photobioreactor (HeP) or Erlenmeyer flask (EF) as control and continuously supplying air as CO₂ source. In these systems, maximum biomass concentration reached 1.65 ± 0.17 g L^?1 and 1.25 ± 0.06 g L^?1, and maximum cell productivity 197.6 ± 20.4 mg L^?1 day^?1 and 160.8 ± 12.2 mg L^?1 day^?1, respectively. Compared to the Bold's Basal medium, commonly employed to cultivate this microorganism on a bench‐scale, the Schlösser medium ensured significant increases in all the growth parameters, namely maximum cell concentration (268% in EF and 126% in HeP), maximum biomass productivity (554% in EF and 72% in HeP), average specific growth rate (67% in EF and 42% in HeP), and maximum specific growth rate (233% in EF and 22% in HeP). The lipid fraction of biomass collected at the end of runs was analyzed in terms of both lipid content and fatty acid profile. It was found that the seawater‐simulating medium, despite of a 56–63% reduction of the overall biomass lipid content compared to the Bold's Basal one, led in HeP to significant increases in both the glycerides‐to‐total lipid ratio and polyunsaturated fatty acid content compared to the other conditions taken as an average. These results as a whole suggest that the HeP configuration could be a successful alternative to the present means to cultivate C. vulgaris as a lipid source. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:279–284, 2016     

Growth and nutrients accumulation potentials of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in different habitats in Egypt

Arundo donax L. has a high biomass production and a tendency toward community dominance in many habitats and thereby a tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Therefore, the present study investigated the potentiality of A. donax to accumulate nutrients and trace metals in its biomass. Six main habitats (Nile Bank, Drain Bank, Canal Bank, Field Edges, Railways and Roadsides) were recognized. At each habitat, six quadrats (each 1 m²), distributed equally in two sites, were selected for growth measurements (e.g., density, shoot height, diameter, leaf area and biomass), plant and soil analyses. Plants from Nile, Canal and Drain Banks had the highest values of most growth measurements, while those from Railways and Roadsides had the lowest. Canal Bank plants accumulated the highest concentrations of P, Cu and Pb in their leaves; Zn in the stem; and Mg, Cd and Fe in the rhizome. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of A. donax, for Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn, was greater than 1, while the translocation factor (TF) of most trace metals was less than unity in most habitats. In conclusion, A. donax showed morphological plasticity in response to habitat heterogeneity, and its growth was most vigorous in the riparian habitats. The high BF, as well as the significant positive correlations between trace metals, especially Cd, in soil and plant, renders A. donax a powerful phytoremediator.     

The role of chick Ebf genes in the mediolateral patterning of the somites

This study was conducted to check whether the three chick Early B‐cell Factor (Ebf) genes, particularly cEbf1, would be targets for Shh and Bmp signals during somites mediolateral (ML) patterning. Tissue manipulations and gain and loss of function experiments for Shh and Bmp4 were performed and the results revealed that cEbf1 expression was initiated in the cranial presomitic mesoderm by low dose of Bmp4 from the lateral mesoderm and maintained in the ventromedial part of the epithelial somite and the medial sclerotome by Shh from the notochord; while cEbf2/3 expression was induced and maintained by Bmp4 and inhibited by high dose of Shh. To determine whether Ebf1 plays a role in somite patterning, transfection of a dominant‐negative construct was carried out; this showed suppression of cPax1 expression in the medial sclerotome and upregulation and medial expansion of cEbf3 and cPax3 expression in sclerotome and dermomyotome, respectively, suggesting that Ebf1 is important for ML patterning. Thus, it is possible that low doses of Bmp4 set up Ebf1 expression which, together with Shh from the notochord, leads to establishment of the medial sclerotome and suppression of lateral identities. These data also conclude that Bmp4 is required in both the medial and lateral domain of the somitic mesoderm to keep the ML identity of the sclerotome through maintenance of cEbf gene expression. These striking findings are novel and give a new insight on the role of Bmp4 on mediolateral patterning of somites.     

Evaluation of nanoselenium and nanogold activities against murine intestinal schistosomiasis

Nanomedicine is one of the most important methods used to treat human diseases including parasitic diseases. Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease that affects human health in tropical regions. Whilst Praziquantel is the main classic antischistosomal drug, new drugs are required due to the poor effect of the drug on the parasite juveniles and immature worms, and the emergence of drug resistant strains of Schistosoma. The present study aimed to examine the curative roles of both gold and selenium nanoparticles on jejunal tissues of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Transmission electron microscopy was used for characterization of nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles of 1 mg/kg mice body weight and selenium nanoparticles 0.5 mg/kg body weight were inoculated separately into mice infected with S. mansoni. The parasite induced a significant decrease in glutathione levels; however, the levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were significantly increased. Additionally, the parasite introduced deteriorations in histological architecture of the jejunal tissue. Treatment of mice with metal nanoparticles reduced the levels of body weight changes, oxidative stress and histological impairment in the jejunal tissue significantly. Therefore, our results revealed the protective role of both selenium and gold nanoparticles against jejunal injury in mice infected with S. mansoni.     

Risk factors associated with E. coli causing neonatal calf diarrhea

Calf diarrhea is one of the major health challenges in cattle herds. The bacteriological examination of fecal samples collected from apparently healthy and diarrheic calves' revealed isolation of 26 E. coli isolates out of 56 calves with an incidence of 46.4%. Serogroups O1, O26, O44, O55, O115, O119, O125, O146, and O151 were identified from the collected fecal samples. Using PCR all isolates was positive for ompA gene species specific for E. coli. While stx1 and eaeA genes detected with incidence of 3.8 and 19.2% respectively from the isolates. The presence of stx2 gene was negative in the fecal isolates. Among colostrum samples 4 E. coli isolates were detected and serogrouped to O26, O55 and O119. They were negative for eaeA, stx1 and stx2 except strain number 4 (O55) was positive for stx1. E. coli strains were sensitive to norfloxacin (80.7%) and resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime (100% each). Based on our findings, there was no association between occurrence of E. coli and age of calf (2–14 days), while bottle feeding calf colostrum may be a source of E. coli contamination.     

Dynamic modification of a mutant cytoplasmic cysteine residue modulates the conductance of the human 5-HT3A receptor

Structural models suggest that Arg(436) lies within five cytoplasmic portals of the 5-HT(3A) receptor. We tested both the accessibility of residue 436 and the influence of its charge on single channel conductance (gamma) by substituting Arg(436) with Cys and examining the effect of methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents on gamma. Inclusion of positively charged 2-aminoethyl-MTS (MTSEA) within the electrode solution reduced gamma of 5-HT(3A)(R436C) receptors in outside-out patches from 7.8 +/- 0.5 to 5.0 +/- 0.5 picosiemens (pS). To increase gamma, we substituted Arg(436) by Cys in the 5-HT(3A)(R432Q,R440A) mutant, yielding the 5-HT(3A)(QCA) construct with a gamma of 17.7 +/- 0.4 pS. Modification of 5-HT(3A)(QCA) receptors by MTSEA or 2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl-MTS reduced gamma to 8.7 +/- 0.5 and 6.7 +/- 0.4 pS, respectively, both significantly below that of channels exposed to nonpolar propyl-MTS. Extracellular MTSEA, but not 2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl-MTS, crossed the membrane and in so doing slowly (tau = 94 s) reduced gamma. MTSEA more rapidly (tau = 15 s) reduced the gamma of 5-HT(3A)(QCA) receptors in inside-out patches, an effect reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. Cys(436) modification by negatively charged 2-carboxyethyl-MTS and 2-sulfonatoethyl-MTS increasedgamma to 23 +/- 1.0 and 26 +/- 0.7 pS, respectively. MTS reagents did not affect gamma values for 5-HT(3A)(QDA) constructs with Cys substituted for Lys(431) predicted to be outside the entrance to the portals. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the dynamic modification of the charge of a cytoplasmic residue regulates gamma, consistent with the existence of cytoplasmic portals that impose a rate-limiting barrier to ion conduction in Cys loop receptors.     

In vitro effect of pH and ethanol on biofilm formation by clinicalica-positiveStaphylococcus epidermidis strains

Biofilm production is an important step in the pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus epidermidis associated biomaterial infections.Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from dialysis fluid (n=9) and needle cultures (n=14) were phenotyped and genotyped for extracellular polysaccharide production and were examined for their ability to produce slime in a medium at various pH levels (3, 5, 7, 9 and 12) and with ethanol supplementation (0, 2, 5, 10 and 15%) using a semi-quantitative adherence assay. A total of 23 clinicalicaADBC positiveS. epidermidis, one reference strain (S. epidermidis CIP 106510) used as positive control, and oneicaADBC negative strain (E21) were investigated. Qualitative biofilm production analysis revealed that 15 of the 23icaADBC positive strains (65.21%) produced slime on Congo Red agar plates. Quantitative biofilm was determined by measuring the optical density at 570 nm (OD₅₇₀). The results show that the slime production depended on the pH value of the medium and the ethanol concentration. At highly acidic (pH 3) and alkaline (pH 12) levels, the OD₅₇₀ was lower, while at pH 7 the adhesion was moderate. In addition the cells adhered strongly with 2% ethanol than with the other concentrations. Our results suggest that pH and ethanol were stress factors that led toS. epidermidis biofilm formation and also play a possible role in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-related infections.