Protective effect of L-arginine against lipid peroxidation in goat epididymal spermatozoa

L-arginine plays an important role in physiology of spermatozoa and is shown to enhance the metabolism of these cells. We report here the effect of L-arginine on membrane lipid peroxidation of goat epididymal spermatozoa. Both natural peroxidation as well as that induced by UV radiation, freezing and oxidizing agents have been studied. Irrespective of the nature of induction of peroxidation, L-arginine reduces the extent of lipid peroxidation in a concentration dependent manner. Both L-arginine and alpha-tocopherol act synergistically in protecting against lipid peroxidation induced by the above methods. Thus, in order to provide protection against lipid peroxidation, L-arginine may be added in media used to preserve spermatozoa.     

Production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from lactose and whey by Methylobacterium sp. ZP24

Methylobacterium sp. ZP24, isolated from a local pond, is able to grow in a medium containing 12 g l⁻¹ lactose as a sole source of carbon, giving 5·25 g l⁻¹ biomass yield and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to 59% of its dry weight in 40 h. The isolate was also able to utilize cheese whey and produce 1·1 g l⁻¹ PHB. Addition of ammonium sulphate increased the production of PHB from whey 2·5-fold. The potential of Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 in PHB production from cheese whey is discussed.     

Generation of a reproducible nutrient-depleted biofilm of Escherichia coli and Burkholderia cepacia

An in vitro method of growing bacteria as a defined nutrient-depleted biofilm is proposed. The medium was defined nutritionally in terms of the quantitative composition and by the total amount of nutrient required to achieve a defined population size. Escherichia coli and Burkholderia cepacia were incubated on a filter support placed on a defined volume of solid medium. The change of biomass of the biofilm population was compared with the change in a planktonic culture. The size of the population in stationary phase was proportional to the concentration of limiting substrate up to 40 μmol cm⁻² glucose for E. coli and up to 2·7 × 10⁻⁹ mol cm⁻² iron for B. cepacia . Escherichia coli growing exponentially had a growth rate of μ = 0·30 h⁻¹ in a biofilm and μ = 0·96 h⁻¹ in planktonic culture. The growth rate, μ, for exponentially growing B. cepacia in a biofilm was 1·12 h⁻¹ and in planktonic culture 0·78 h⁻¹. This method allows the limitation of the size of a biofilm population to a chosen value.     

Expression of a chimeric CaMV 35S Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein gene in transgenic tobacco

Insecticidal transgenic tobacco plants containing a truncated Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(b) crystal protein (ICP) gene expressed from the CaMV 35S promoter were analyzed for ICP gene expression under field and greenhouse conditions over the course of a growing season. We present new information on temporal and tissue-specific expression of a CaMV 35S/cryIA(b) gene. Levels of cryIA(b) protein and mRNA were compared in both homozygous and hemizygous lines throughout plant development. Levels of ICP mRNA and protein increased during plant development with a pronounced rise in expression at the time of flowering. Homozygous ICP lines produced higher levels of ICP than the corresponding hemizygous lines. ELISA analysis of different tissues in the tobacco plant showed ICP gene expression in most tissues with a predominance of ICP in older tissue. All transgenic ICP tobacco lines which were studied in the field and greenhouse contained 400 ng to 1 g ICP per gram fresh weight in leaves from the mid-section of the plant at flowering. The amounts of ICP produced by field lines were directly comparable to levels observed in greenhouse-grown plants.     

Identification of CXCR3 receptor agonists in combinatorial small-molecule libraries

In a high-throughput screen of four million compounds from combinatorial libraries for small-molecule modulators of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, two classes of receptor agonists, based on tetrahydroisoquinoline and piperidinyl diazepanone templates, were identified. Several of these compounds stimulated calcium flux in HEK293 cells expressing the recombinant human CXCR3 receptor with efficacies and kinetics similar to those of native ligand CXCL11/I-TAC and stimulated chemotaxis of activated human T-cells. The agonist small molecules also inhibited binding of another CXCR3 ligand, CXCL10/IP-10, to the receptor. The response to small-molecule agonists was inhibited by a CXCR3-specific small-molecule antagonist previously identified within the same combinatorial compound collection but structurally unrelated to the agonists. Remarkably, while other, non-amino acid substituents were present in the majority of the library compounds screened, the agonists from both classes contained a positively charged amino acid component, with preference for Arg>Lys, as well as a hydrophobic component.     

Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with terrestrial photosynthesis for a wide variety of biomes: First global analysis based on OCO‐2 and flux tower observations

Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been increasingly used as a proxy for terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). Previous work mainly evaluated the relationship between satellite‐observed SIF and gridded GPP products both based on coarse spatial resolutions. Finer resolution SIF (1.3 km × 2.25 km) measured from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) provides the first opportunity to examine the SIF–GPP relationship at the ecosystem scale using flux tower GPP data. However, it remains unclear how strong the relationship is for each biome and whether a robust, universal relationship exists across a variety of biomes. Here we conducted the first global analysis of the relationship between OCO‐2 SIF and tower GPP for a total of 64 flux sites across the globe encompassing eight major biomes. OCO‐2 SIF showed strong correlations with tower GPP at both midday and daily timescales, with the strongest relationship observed for daily SIF at the 757 nm (R² = 0.72, p < 0.0001). Strong linear relationships between SIF and GPP were consistently found for all biomes (R² = 0.57–0.79, p < 0.0001) except evergreen broadleaf forests (R² = 0.16, p < 0.05) at the daily timescale. A higher slope was found for C₄ grasslands and croplands than for C₃ ecosystems. The generally consistent slope of the relationship among biomes suggests a nearly universal rather than biome‐specific SIF–GPP relationship, and this finding is an important distinction and simplification compared to previous results. SIF was mainly driven by absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and was also influenced by environmental stresses (temperature and water stresses) that determine photosynthetic light use efficiency. OCO‐2 SIF generally had a better performance for predicting GPP than satellite‐derived vegetation indices and a light use efficiency model. The universal SIF–GPP relationship can potentially lead to more accurate GPP estimates regionally or globally. Our findings revealed the remarkable ability of finer resolution SIF observations from OCO‐2 and other new or future missions (e.g., TROPOMI, FLEX) for estimating terrestrial photosynthesis across a wide variety of biomes and identified their potential and limitations for ecosystem functioning and carbon cycle studies.     

The wages of CIN

Aneuploidy and chromosome instability (CIN) are hallmarks of the majority of solid tumors, but the relationship between them is not well understood. In this issue, Thompson and Compton (Thompson, S.L., and D.A. Compton. 2008. Examining the link between chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in human cells. J. Cell. Biol. 180:665-672) investigate the mechanism of CIN in cancer cells and find that CIN arises primarily from defective kinetochore-spindle attachments that evade detection by the spindle checkpoint and persist into anaphase. They also explore the consequences of artificially elevating chromosome missegregation in otherwise karyotypically normal cells. Their finding that induced aneuploidy is rapidly selected against suggests that the persistence of aneuploid cells in tumors requires not only chromosome missegregation but also additional, as yet poorly defined events.