Glucose lowering effect of transgenic human insulin-like growth factor-I from rice: <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vivo</Emphasis>studies

Background  

Human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I) is a growth factor which is highly resemble to insulin. It is essential for cell proliferation and has been proposed for treatment of various endocrine-associated diseases including growth hormone insensitivity syndrome and diabetes mellitus. In the present study, an efficient plant expression system was developed to produce biologically active recombinant hIGF-I (rhIGF-I) in transgenic rice grains.     

Symmetric cyanine dyes for detecting nucleic acids

A novel approach to the design of sensitive fluorescent probes for nucleic acids detection is proposed. Suitable modifications of tri- and pentamethine cyanine dyes in the polymethine chain and/or in the heterocyclic residues can result in a significant decrease in unbound dye fluorescence intensity and an increase in dye emission intensity in the presence of DNA compared to the unsubstituted dye. The sharp enhancement in the fluorescence intensity upon dye interaction with double-stranded DNA permits the application of the modified tri- and pentamethine dyes as fluorescent probes in double-stranded DNA detection in homogeneous assays.     

Diabetogenic diet-induced insulin resistance associates with lipid droplet proteins and adipose tissue secretome,but not with sexual dimorphic adipose tissue fat accumulation in Wistar rats

The role of sexual dimorphic adipose tissue fat accumulation in the development of insulin resistance is well known. However, whether vitamin A status and/or its metabolic pathway display any sex- or depot (visceral/subcutaneous)-specific pattern and have a role in sexual dimorphic adipose tissue development and insulin resistance are not completely understood. Therefore, to assess this, 5 weeks old Wistar male and female rats of eight from each sex were provided either control or diabetogenic (high fat, high sucrose) diet for 26 weeks. At the end, consumption of diabetogenic diet increased the visceral fat depots (p < 0.001) in the males and subcutaneous depot (p < 0.05) in the female rats, compared to their sex-matched controls. On the other hand, it caused adipocyte hypertrophy (p < 0.05) of visceral depot (retroperitoneal) in the females and subcutaneous depot of the male rats. Although vitamin A levels displayed sex- and depot-specific increase due to the consumption of diabetogenic diet, the expression of most of its metabolic pathway genes in adipose depots remained unaltered. However, the mRNA levels of some of lipid droplet proteins (perilipins) and adipose tissue secretory proteins (interleukins, lipocalin-2) did display sexual dimorphism. Nonetheless, the long-term feeding of diabetogenic diet impaired the insulin sensitivity, thus affected glucose clearance rate and muscle glucose-uptake in both the sexes of rats. In conclusion, the chronic consumption of diabetogenic diet caused insulin resistance in the male and female rats, but did not corroborate with sexual dimorphic adipose tissue fat accumulation or its vitamin A status.     

A comparative genomics study of genetic products potentially encoding ladderane lipid biosynthesis

Background  

The fatty acids of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria contain linearly concatenated cyclobutane moieties, so far unique to biology. These moieties are under high ring strain and are synthesised by a presently unknown biosynthetic pathway.     

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is naturally infected with Sarcocystis neurona

Sarcocysts were dissected from the tongue of a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). DNA was extracted and characterised by PCR amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and nucleotide sequencing. A total of 1879 nucleotides were compared; the sarcocyst DNA sequence was identical to that reported for Sarcocystis neurona. DNA was extracted from the sarcocysts of five more nine-banded armadillos. A 254-nucleotide sequence was determined for each and found to be identical to S. neurona. Western blot techniques for detection of anti-S. neurona antibody were developed for use with armadillo plasma and samples from 19 wild-caught and 17 captive-raised armadillos were examined. Whereas all of the 19 wild-caught armadillos had antibodies to S. neurona, only one of 17 captive-raised armadillos did. These results suggest that the nine-banded armadillo are naturally infected with S. neurona.     

Analysis of cardiac signals using spatial filling index and time-frequency domain

Background  

Analysis of heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV analysis is based on the concept that fast fluctuations may specifically reflect changes of sympathetic and vagal activity. It shows that the structure generating the signal is not simply linear, but also involves nonlinear contributions. These signals are essentially non-stationary; may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random in the time scale. However, to study and pinpoint abnormalities in voluminous data collected over several hours is strenuous and time consuming.     

Localization of a highly divergent mammalian testicular alpha tubulin that is not detectable in brain.

Sequence analysis of a mouse testicular alpha-tubulin partial cDNA, pRD alpha TT1, reveals an isotype that differs from both the somatic and the predominant testicular alpha tubulins at approximately 30% of the 212 amino acid residues determined. Although this mouse testicular cDNA retains the highly conserved sequence, Glu-Gly-Glu-Glu, found in the carboxyl termini of many alpha tubulins, the protein extends substantially beyond this sequence and does not terminate with a C-terminal tyrosine. Using rabbit antiserum prepared to a novel synthetic peptide predicted from this mouse testis alpha-tubulin cDNA, we have have detected by immunoblot and indirect immunofluorescence an antigenic epitope present in testicular alpha tubulin that is not detectable in brain alpha tubulins. We find that the antiserum specifically binds to the manchettes and meiotic spindles of the mouse testis but not with neural fibers or tubulin extracts of the adult mouse brain. These results demonstrate that at least one of the multiple alpha-tubulin isotypes of the mammalian testis is expressed and used in male germ cells but not in the brain.