内蒙古贺兰山狂蛛1新种及2新纪录种（蜘蛛目：平腹蛛科）

记述采自我国内蒙古贺兰山的３种狂蛛,其中贺兰狂蛛Ｚｅｌｏｔｅｓｈｅｌａｎｓｈａｎｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．为１新种,波氏狂蛛ＺｅｌｏｔｅｓｐｏｔａｎｉｎｉＳｃｈｅｎｋｅｌ,１９６３和蔡氏狂蛛ＺｅｌｔｏｅｓｔｓａｉｉＰｌａｔｎｉｃｋｅｔＳｏｎｇ,１９８６是内蒙古新纪录。     

杀虫剂轮用和混用对害虫种群抗性演化的影响

杀虫剂轮用和混用是当前害虫抗药性治理中最常采用的两种用药策略。该文用抗性模型和室内试验对轮用和混用延缓害虫抗性演化的效果及轮用最佳间隔期问题作了研究。模型模拟结果表明,在延缓害虫抗性演化方面轮用和混用对抗性演化的影响主要取决于杀虫剂作用强度、抗性基因型个体的适合度大小和杀虫剂混用后的毒理效应类型。两种杀虫剂轮用时,轮用间隔期以1(即两种杀虫剂隔次施用)为佳。以模型昆虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella在室内试验结果表明,氰戊菊酯单用(I)及与杀虫单轮用(II)和混用(1∶1)(III)连续处理8代后,抗性个体频率为0.01的小菜蛾种群其3龄幼虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性分别上升了75.87(I)、28.67(II)和58.72(III)倍,与模型模拟结果表现出较好的一致性。据此,作者认为抗性模型可用于预测害虫抗性演化和评价抗性治理策略。     

AMPA receptor-dependent clustering of synaptic NMDA receptors is mediated by Stargazin and NR2A/B in spinal neurons and hippocampal interneurons

Under standard conditions, cultured ventral spinal neurons cluster AMPA- but not NMDA-type glutamate receptors at excitatory synapses on their dendritic shafts in spite of abundant expression of the ubiquitous NMDA receptor subunit NR1. We demonstrate here that the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B are not routinely expressed in cultured spinal neurons and that transfection with NR2A or NR2B reconstitutes the synaptic targeting of NMDA receptors and confers on exogenous application of the immediate early gene product Narp the ability to cluster both AMPA and NMDA receptors. The use of dominant-negative mutants of GluR2 further showed that the synaptic targeting of NMDA receptors is dependent on the presence of synaptic AMPA receptors and that synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors are linked by Stargazin and a MAGUK protein. This system of AMPA receptor-dependent synaptic NMDA receptor localization was preserved in hippocampal interneurons but reversed in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.     

基于过程的小麦茎鞘夹角动态模拟

基于不同株型品种和不同密度处理的小麦田间试验,连续观察并记录各处理不同叶位叶鞘与主茎之间的夹角,进一步利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术,构建基于过程的小麦叶片茎鞘夹角的动态模拟模型.结果表明:小麦茎鞘夹角随叶片生育进程不断加大,并随密度的增大而减小;从第2叶开始,最大茎鞘夹角随叶位的增加而减小.所建模型利用Logistic方程描述叶片茎鞘夹角随生育进程的动态变化过程,使用分段函数描述最大茎鞘夹角随叶位的动态变化,引入品种参数(第2叶茎鞘夹角的最大值)量化了茎鞘夹角在不同品种之间的差异,并利用基本苗量化了密度对茎鞘夹角的影响.基于独立的田间试验资料对所建模型进行测试与检验,结果显示茎鞘夹角模拟值与观测值之间的均方根差为1.7°.表明模型对小麦主茎叶片茎鞘夹角的动态变化过程具有较好的预测性,为小麦生长过程的可视化表达奠定了技术基础.     

Concise synthesis of artemisinin from a farnesyl diphosphate analogue

Artemisinin is one of the most potent anti-malaria drugs and many often-lengthy routes have been developed for its synthesis. Amorphadiene synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin, is able to convert an oxygenated farnesyl diphosphate analogue directly to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, which can be converted to artemisinin in only four chemical steps, resulting in an efficient synthetic route to the anti-malaria drug.     

病毒单糖的研究 Ⅰ.颗粒体病毒(GV)单糖的气相色谱分析

本文介绍了颗粒体病毒中单糖的气相色谱分析法,对所得病毒单糖色谱图中的主要组分进行了分析鉴定,证明组成病毒的单糖成分有:鼠李糖、核糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖。并用相应单糖峰高比值,区分了它们间的异同。病毒单糖分析结果。能与血清学和裂解气相色谱法分析鉴定病毒的结果相符。     

Ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells via PKC-involved activation of NF-kappaB

The effect of ginsenosides on proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) was evaluated and involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the signaling pathway was investigated. PGCs were isolated from the genital ridge of 3.5-4 day embryos and cultured in Medium 199 supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 ng/ml LIF. PGCs subcultured on chicken embryonic fibroblast feeder were challenged with ginsenosides alone or in combination with PKC inhibitor H(7) or activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24h. Moreover, the translocation of NF-kappaB and degradation level of IkappaBalpha were investigated by Western blot analysis. Results show that PGCs were identified by periodic acid-Schiff, alkaline phosphatase histochemistry as well as c-kit, SSEA-1 and Oct-4 immunocytochemistry. Treatment with ginsenosides at 1-100 microg/ml significantly increased the number and area of PGC colonies in a dose-dependent manner. However, this proliferating effect was obviously attenuated by combined treatment of H(7) (10(-7)-10(-5)M). Similarly, PKC staining of PGC colonies was more intensive after ginsenosides treatment compared with the control group. In addition, treatment with ginsenosides at 1-10 microg/ml stimulated the translocation of NF-kappaB (p65). However, the NF-kappaB translocation and the degradation of IkappaBalpha were significantly blocked by combined treatment with 10(-6)M H(7). These results indicated that ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken PGCs through activation of PKC-involved NF-kappaB signaling pathway.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubricella aquisinus</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodobacteraceae</Emphasis>

A Gram-stain negative, ovoid or short rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterial strain, designated J82^T, was isolated from a seawater sample collected from the coast of Yellow Sea in Qingdao, China. The strain grew at salinities of 1.0–6.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5%). Growth occurred at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 10–42 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C). The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 57.5 mol%. Q-10 was detected as the respiratory quinone. The major fatty acid (>10%) was Summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain J82^T forms a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Rhodobacteraceae. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, the strain merits recognition as representative of a novel genus and species within the family Rhodobacteraceae for which the name Rubricella aquisinus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rubricella aquisinus is J82^T (= DSM 103377^T = CCTCC AB 2016170^T).     

Epidemiological Study of RRT-Treated ESRD in Nanjing - A Ten-Year Experience in Nearly Three Million Insurance Covered Population

Background

The growing burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been a great challenge to the health care system of China. However, the exact epidemiological data for ESRD in China remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of ESRD treated by renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Nanjing based on analysing ten-year data of Nanjing three million insurance covered population.

Methods

Using the electronic registry system of Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), we included all subjects insured by UEBMI in Nanjing from 2005 to 2014 and identified subjects who developed ESRD and started RRT in this cohort.

Results

The UEBMI population in Nanjing increased from 1,301,882 in 2005 to 2,921,065 in 2014, among which a total of 5,840 subjects developed ESRD and received RRT. Over the 10-year period, the adjusted incidence rates of RRT in the UEBMI cohort gradually decreased from 289.3pmp in 2005 to 218.8pmp in 2014. However, the adjusted prevalence rate increased steadily from 891.7pmp in 2005 to 1,228.6pmp in 2014. The adjusted annual mortality rate decreased from 138.4 per 1000 patient-years in 2005 to 97.8 per 1000 patient-years in 2014. The long-term survival rate fluctuated over the past decade, with the 1-year survival rate ranging from 85.1% to 91.7%, the 3-year survival rate from 69.9% to 78.3% and the 5-year survival rate from 58% to 65.4%.

Conclusion

Nanjing is facing an increasing burden of ESRD with its improvement of medical reform. The ten-year complete registry data on RRT in urban employees in Nanjing provided a unique opportunity to understand the real threat of ESRD confronting China during its process of health care transition.     

Artemisinin Analogue SM934 Ameliorates Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Enhancing the Expansion and Functions of Regulatory T Cell

Background

Artemisinin analogue SM934 was previously reported to possess immunosuppressive properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effects and the underlying mechanisms of SM934 in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Methods

Female C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG_35–55 were treated with or without SM934, then the clinical scores and other relevant parameters were assessed. Th1, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cell profiles were determined through ELISA, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and BrdU incorporation assay. The effects of SM934 on Th1, Th17 and Treg cells differentiation were explored through intracellular staining and flow cytometry examination.

Results

In vivo, administration of SM934 significantly inhibited the development of EAE and suppressed the elevation of serum IL-17. Ex vivo, upon antigen-recall stimulation, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-6 production were decreased, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β production were increased from the splenocytes isolated from SM934-treated mice. Consistently, both flow cytometry and qRT-PCR results showed that SM934 treatment significantly increased the Treg, while strongly suppressed the Th17 and Th1, responses in the peripheral. Furthermore, in the spinal lesion, SM934 treatment dramatically decreased the infiltration of CD4⁺ T cells, within which the Treg cells percentage was enlarged, whereas the Th17, but not Th1 percentage, was significantly decreased comparing with the vehicle-treated groups. Finally, both BrdU incorporation and in vitro Treg differentiation assays revealed that SM934 treatment could directly promote the expansion of Treg cells in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

Taken together, this study demonstrated that SM934 treatment could ameliorate the murine EAE disease, which might be mediated by inducing Treg differentiation and expansion.