Quantitative and Qualitative Involvement of P3N-PIPO in Overcoming Recessive Resistance against Clover Yellow Vein Virus in Pea Carrying the cyv1 Gene

In pea carrying cyv1, a recessive gene for resistance to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), ClYVV isolate Cl-no30 was restricted to the initially infected cells, whereas isolate 90-1 Br2 overcame this resistance. We mapped the region responsible for breaking of cyv1-mediated resistance by examining infection of cyv1 pea with chimeric viruses constructed from parts of Cl-no30 and 90-1 Br2. The breaking of resistance was attributed to the P3 cistron, which is known to produce two proteins: P3, from the main open reading frame (ORF), and P3N-PIPO, which has the N-terminal part of P3 fused to amino acids encoded by a small open reading frame (ORF) called PIPO in the +2 reading frame. We introduced point mutations that were synonymous with respect to the P3 protein but nonsynonymous with respect to the P3N-PIPO protein, and vice versa, into the chimeric viruses. Infection of plants with these mutant viruses revealed that both P3 and P3N-PIPO were involved in overcoming cyv1-mediated resistance. Moreover, P3N-PIPO quantitatively affected the virulence of Cl-no30 in cyv1 pea. Additional expression in trans of the P3N-PIPO derived from Cl-no30, using White clover mosaic virus as a vector, enabled Cl-no30 to move to systemic leaves in cyv1 pea. Susceptible pea plants infected with chimeric ClYVV possessing the P3 cistron of 90-1 Br2, and which were therefore virulent toward cyv1 pea, accumulated more P3N-PIPO than did those infected with Cl-no30, suggesting that the higher level of P3N-PIPO in infected cells contributed to the breaking of resistance by 90-1 Br2. This is the first report showing that P3N-PIPO is a virulence determinant in plants resistant to a potyvirus.     

Technical note: Quantification of neurocranial shape variation using the shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks

Three‐dimensional geometric morphometric techniques have been widely used in quantitative comparisons of craniofacial morphology in humans and nonhuman primates. However, few anatomical landmarks can actually be defined on the neurocranium. In this study, an alternative method is proposed for defining semi‐landmarks on neurocranial surfaces for use in detailed analysis of cranial shape. Specifically, midsagittal, nuchal, and temporal lines were approximated using Bezier curves and equally spaced points along each of the curves were defined as semi‐landmarks. The shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks as well as semi‐landmarks were then calculated in order to represent the surface morphology between landmarks using equally spaced points along the paths. To evaluate the efficacy of this method, the previously outlined technique was used in morphological analysis of sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese crania. The study sample comprised 22 specimens that were used to generate 110 anatomical semi‐landmarks, which were used in geometric morphometric analysis. Although variations due to sexual dimorphism in human crania are very small, differences could be identified using the proposed landmark placement, which demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:658–666, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A paradoxical method for NAD(+)/NADH accumulation on an electrode surface using a hydrophobic ionic liquid

In this communication, we describe a novel and facile method for the immobilization of NAD(+)/NADH on an electrode surface using a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4mim][Tf(2)N]). By taking advantage of the insolubility of NAD(+)/NADH in hydrophobic ionic liquids, it is expected that NAD(+)/NADH can be retained on the electrode's surface. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and NAD(+)/NADH were immobilized with a gelatin hydrogel on an electrode that was modified with an electropolymerized ruthenium complex containing 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline (pAPRu) as a mediator for NADH oxidation. The (ADH, NAD(+))/pAPRu-immobilized electrode exhibited the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol in [C4mim][Tf(2)N]. The obtained catalytic current in [C4mim][Tf(2)N] was comparable to that in buffer solution containing NAD(+). It was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy that NAD(+) did not dissolve in the [C4mim][Tf(2)N] and was retained on the electrode's surface. Furthermore, we succeeded in constructing an ethanol/O(2) biofuel cell comprised of an (ADH, NAD(+))/pAPRu anode and a bilirubin oxidase cathode using [C4mim][Tf(2)N] as an electrolyte.     

Biochemical Studies on “Bakanae” Fungus. Part 55 Synthesis of Gibberellins

In order to clarify the structure of ring A of gibberellins, thirteen lactones of cyclohexan series, of which eight were new, were prepared to examine their infrared spectra. So far; the experiment is concerned, γ-lactones show the characteristic absorption band in the rang 1775~1782 cm^?1 in dioxane, while 5-ones in the range 1730/~1762 cm^?1. Since the absorptio band due to lactone carbonyl of gibberellins occurs at the range 1777~1786 cm^?1 in dioxane, the lactone ring of gibberellins seems to be γ.     

Evaluation of O,O-Dialkyl O-Cyanophenyl Phosphates and Phosphorothioates as Insecticides

Various O,O-dialkyl O-cyanophenyl phosphates and phosphorothioates were prepared and their biological activities were examined. Among them, O,O-dimethyl O- (4-chloro-2-cyanophenyl) phosphorothioate was found to have selective and high toxicity to houseflies. O,O-Dimethyl O- (4-cyanophenyl) phosphorothioate, O,O-diethyl O- (4-cyanophenyl) phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl O- (2-chloro-4-cyanophenyl) phosphorothioate showed high insecticidal activty to American cockroaches, though the former two were not so effective to houseflies. The dimethyl esters of these series exhibited markedly lowered mammalian toxicity. Among the O-ethyl O-cyanophenyl phenylphosphonothioates, O-ethyl O- (2-chloro-4-cyanophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate was highly effective to mites, while less effective to insects.