N-alkyl-4-piperidinyl-2,3-diarylpyrrole derivatives with heterocyclic substitutions as potent and broad spectrum anticoccidial agents

Diaryl-(4-piperidinyl)-pyrrole derivatives bearing cyclic amine substituents have been synthesized and evaluated as anticoccidial agents. Improvements in potency of Et-PKG inhibition, such as azetidine derivative 3a, and broad spectrum anticoccidial activities in feed, such as morpholine derivative 8c, have been achieved.     

Role of stem cells during diabetic liver injury

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most severe endocrine metabolic disorders in the world that has serious medical consequences with substantial impacts on the quality of life. Type 2 diabetes is one of the main causes of diabetic liver diseases with the most common being non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Several factors that may explain the mechanisms related to pathological and functional changes of diabetic liver injury include: insulin resistance, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The realization that these factors are important in hepatocyte damage and lack of donor livers has led to studies concentrating on the role of stem cells (SCs) in the prevention and treatment of liver injury. Possible avenues that the application of SCs may improve liver injury include but are not limited to: the ability to differentiate into pancreatic β‐cells (insulin producing cells), the contribution for hepatocyte regeneration, regulation of lipogenesis, glucogenesis and anti‐inflammatory actions. Once further studies are performed to explore the underlying protective mechanisms of SCs and the advantages and disadvantages of its application, there will be a greater understand of the mechanism and therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding the role of SCs in diabetic liver diseases.     

Regulation of biotechnology in the United States: One and a half years of using the 'coordinated framework'

There are several organizations in the US with responsibilities for regulatory oversight of the planned introduction of recombinant DNA organisms into the environment. Equally, there are many kinds of projects which require assessment. The policies, recommendations and rulings of the various authorities have been integrated into a 'Coordinated Framework' which defines the operation of flexible case-by-case risk assessment. Additions to and revision of the guidelines are being made, a process which will continue in the light of new experience.     

Knowledge of poisonous plants in the United States—Brief history and conclusions

Domestic experimental or case evidence stands behind only about half the names in current U. S. compilations of poisonous plants. A significant number of the remainder rest upon 19th century experience, mainly European sources. Several useful conclusions may be derived from an historical survey of the development of this body of knowledge.     

The Risk of Nosocomial Transmission of Rift Valley Fever

In 2000, we investigated the Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak on the Arabian Peninsula—the first outside Africa—and the risk of nosocomial transmission. In a cross-sectional design, during the peak of the epidemic at its epicenter, we found four (0.6%) of 703 healthcare workers (HCWs) IgM seropositive but all with only community-associated exposures. Standard precautions are sufficient for HCWs exposed to known RVF patients, in contrast to other viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) such as Ebola virus disease (EVD) in which the route of transmission differs. Suspected VHF in which the etiology is uncertain should be initially managed with the most cautious infection control measures.