水分胁迫和氮肥对花生根系形态发育及叶片生理活性的影响

以"花育22号"花生为试验材料,在中度干旱胁迫和充足灌水两个水分条件下,分别设置不施氮肥(N0)、中氮(N1,90 kg·hm-2)、高氮(N2,180 kg·hm-2)3个施氮水平,研究不同土壤水分和氮肥条件对花生叶片生理活性及根系形态发育特征的影响.结果表明:与不施氮肥处理相比,两个水分条件下中氮处理均显著增加花生产量,但对收获指数无显著影响.干旱胁迫条件下,中氮处理对总根系生物量和总根长无显著影响,但显著增加花生总根系表面积;中氮和高氮处理均显著增加20~40 cm土层内根长和根系表面积,且高氮处理显著增加40 cm以下土层内根系生物量和根系表面积;施用氮肥显著提高叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,而丙二醛(MDA)含量随施氮量的增加而降低.正常供水条件下,施用氮肥显著降低了花生根系表面积和40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积,中氮处理可提高叶片保护酶活性.相关性分析表明,20~40 cm土层内根长和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT、POD活性与产量呈显著相关.     

少数民族医学生医学微生物学实验教学的改革与实践——以酸奶制备为例

医学微生物学实验教学中基本操作是双基训练的重要部分,学生对实验技术的掌握程度决定了实验教学的成败。通过酸奶制备的一系列实验过程,把实验内容由验证性改变为设计性,激发了学生的学习兴趣,动手能力提高,实验教学效果良好。     

Arabidopsis GIGANTEA protein is post-transcriptionally regulated by light and dark

GIGANTEA (GI) is a key regulator of photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein with no domains of known biochemical function. Expression of GI mRNA is controlled by the circadian clock, but GI protein accumulation has not been previously investigated. We generated plants that produced functional epitope-tagged GI to enable us to track the protein through the daily cycle. Here we show that GI protein levels oscillate when either constitutively overexpressed or driven by its promoter and that its accumulation is modulated by day length as well as by phase-specific factors. Also, we demonstrate that one of the mechanisms underlying GI protein oscillation occurs post-translationally via dark-induced proteolysis by the 26S proteasome.     

Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius robustus–like (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) wing asymmetry under controlled conditions of population density and feeding frequency

Habitat change in Rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of the species, particularly when feeding frequency and population density vary in nature. To estimate the effect of these variables in stability on development, the degree of directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the wing size and shape of R. prolixus and R. robustus–like were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. DA and FA in wing size and shape were significant in both species, but their variation patterns showed both inter-specific and sexual dimorphic differences in FA of wing size and shape induced by nutrition stress. These results suggest different abilities of the genotypes and sexes of two sylvatic and domestic genotypes of Rhodnius to buffer these stress conditions. However, both species showed non-significant differences in the levels of FA between treatments that simulated sylvan vs domestic conditions, indicating that the developmental noise did not explain the variation in wing size and shape found in previous studies. Thus, this result confirm that the variation in wing size and shape in response to treatments constitute a plastic response of these genotypes to population density and feeding frequency.     

西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠灌木群落空间分布格局及其竞争关系分析

对西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠中的四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim. )、霸王(Sarcozygium xanthoxylon Bunge)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. )和红砂[Reaumuria songarica (Pall. ) Maxim. ]优势群落(样方面积50 m×50 m)进行调查,并按土壤中根系分布深度(0～30、30～60、60～90和大于90 cm)将4种灌木分为4个灌木组,运用单变量函数g(t)、标记相关函数markcorr(t)和双变量函数g12(t)对4个灌木组内灌木的空间分布格局及竞争关系进行了研究.g(t)函数和markcorr(t)函数分析结果显示,4个灌木组内的灌木在0～25 m尺度上几乎都呈显著的随机分布,只有根系分布深度在地下0～30 cm的灌木在小于1 m的尺度上呈现均匀分布;除根系分布深度大于90 cm的灌木的标记在12～13 m尺度上呈现较显著的负相关关系外,在0～25 m尺度上每个灌木组间的标记都不相关,表明根系分布深度相似的灌木间无显著的排斥关系,灌木个体的大小不受周围灌木的影响.g12(t)函数分析结果显示,除根系分布深度为0～30与30～60 cm、30～60与60～90 cm的灌木组间分别在某一中小尺度上(3.0～3.5 m、小于1.5 m和7.0～7.5 m)呈现显著的正相关关系外,在0～25 m尺度内根系分布深度相邻的各灌木组间几乎无显著的相关关系,表明根系分布深度不同的灌木间并不互相影响.研究结果表明,在西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠灌木群落中,具有不同生态学特性的灌木分别占据各自的土壤层,呈现出对土壤水分和养分的分层利用,不存在对资源的竞争.     

Yeast, a model organism for iron and copper metabolism studies

Virtually all organisms on earth depend on transition metals for survival. Iron and copper are particularly important because they participate in vital electron transfer reactions, and are thus cofactors of many metabolic enzymes. Their ability to transfer electrons also render them toxic when present in excess. Disturbances of iron and copper steady-state levels can have profound effects on cellular metabolism, growth and development. It is critical to maintain these metals in a narrow range between utility and toxicity. Organisms ranging from bacteria and plants to mammals have developed sophisticated mechanisms to control metal homeostasis. In this review, we will present an overview of the current understanding of iron and copper metabolism in yeast, and the utility of yeast as a model organism to investigate iron and copper metabolism in mammals and plants.     

Chronic cerebrospinal vascular insufficiency is not associated with HLA DRB1*1501 status in multiple sclerosis patients

Background

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was described as a vascular condition characterized by anomalies of veins outside the skull was reported to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective was to assess the associations between HLA DRB1*1501 status and the occurrence of CCSVI in MS patients.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This study included 423 of 499 subjects enrolled in the Combined Transcranial and Extracranial Venous Doppler Evaluation (CTEVD) study. The HLA DRB1*1501 status was obtained in 268 MS patients and 155 controls by genotyping rs3135005, a SNP associated with DRB1*1501 status. All subjects underwent a clinical examination and Doppler scan of the head and neck. The frequency of CCSVI was higher (OR = 4.52, p<0.001) in the MS group 56.0% vs. 21.9% in the controls group and also higher in the progressive MS group 69.8% vs. 49.5% in the non-progressive MS group. The 51.9% frequency of HLA DRB1*1501 positivity (HLA⁺) in MS was higher compared (OR = 2.33, p<0.001) to 31.6% to controls. The HLA⁺ frequency in the non-progressive (51.6%) and progressive MS groups (52.3%) was similar. The frequency of HLA⁺ CCSVI⁺ was 40.7% in progressive MS, 27.5% in non-progressive MS and 8.4% in controls. The presence of CCSVI was independent of HLA DRB1*1501 status in MS patients.

Conclusions/Significance

The lack of strong associations of CCSVI with HLA DRB1*1501 suggests that the role of the underlying associations of CCSVI in MS should be interpreted with caution. Further longitudinal studies should determine whether interactions between these factors can contribute to disease progression in MS.     

新生儿首次呼吸前后脐带动静脉血液氧和二氧化碳变化探索呼吸调控机制的初步报告I—血液氧和二氧化碳分压脐带动静脉差值的组间分析*

目的: 胎儿没有实际上的呼吸,新生儿出生后才开始呼吸,我们假设人的第一次呼吸主要是由于低氧而触发。本研究对流经主动脉体外周化学感受器后的脐带动脉血液氧分压（PuaO₂）变化规律和下限进行分析以探讨新生儿自主呼吸产生机制。方法: 选择签署知情同意书的正常分娩产妇数十例,仅14例新生儿在自主呼吸开始前成功完成脐带动脉或静脉置管。分别进行逐搏取血及顺序血气分析,计算血气指标的平均值、最高值和最低值,统计比较脐带动静脉的异同。结果: 在14例新生儿自主呼吸开始前完成采集脐带动脉（Pua）样本9例,脐带静脉（Puv）样本8例。就PO₂而言,所有9例PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）呈逐渐降低倾向,直至在自主呼吸产生大约8~10次心跳后Pua挛缩、基本上无法取得足够的血样。PuaO₂平均值是（25.94±6.79,18.04~37.51）mmHg,最高值是（29.11±6.46,23.00~45.90）mmHg,最低值是（21.34±5.54,14.00~33.60）mmHg;但PuaCO₂变化趋势和规律则不够稳定,PuaCO₂平均值是（47.26 ±7.71） mmHg。PuvO₂随时间（心跳次数）虽也呈逐渐降低趋势,但多数还呈现随母亲呼吸节律的规律性交替升降的倾向,特别是母亲吸氧时。所有8例PuvO₂平均值是（53.35±21.35,32.56~100.73）mmHg,最高值是（90.38±48.44,43.40~153.00）mmHg,最低值是（36.96±14.90,24.80~73.80）mmHg;PuvCO₂平均值是（41.04±6.44)mmHg。虽然有着较大的个体差异,但 PuvO₂平均值、最高值和最低值均显著较PuaO₂高（P<0.05）;PuvCO₂虽略低于PuaCO₂,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论: 胎儿娩出为新生儿后自主呼吸前PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）逐渐降低,在达到触发呼吸的阈值时诱发第一次吸气,从而开始自主呼吸。     

荒漠化与气候变化间反馈机制研究进展

荒漠化和气候变化是全球关注的重大环境问题,两者间的反馈机制是目前科学研究的热点之一。从荒漠化与气候变化间的反馈机制和荒漠化及其防治对碳源／汇的影响两方面对其研究进展进行了评述。以往的研究表明,荒漠化对区域乃至全球气候变化的影响主要通过荒漠化过程中植被覆盖降低一地表反射率提高和(或)土壤含水量降低-降雨量降低-植被覆盖降低这样一个正反馈机制(荒漠化生物地球物理模型“Charney假说”及其衍生理论)来实现的,此外大气中悬浮的沙尘具有明显抑制降雨的作用,土地荒漠化所导致的沙尘暴频发及其影响范围之大也将对全球气候变化产生显著影响。气候变化对荒漠化的影响则表现在对荒漠化的范围、发展速度和强度以及潜在危险性及干旱生态系统的结构、功能及生产力的影响上。同时作为全球重要的碳贮存地,干旱区的变化从一定程度上影响到大气中CO2的收支．据估算全球荒漠化所导致的碳损失总量为18～28Pg C,其中中国近40a来因土地沙质荒漠化导致的CO2净释放量为91Mt C,如果UNEP建议的退化土地治理措施得以实施,每年可固定37Pg的碳,约占CO2年排放量的15％．其投入低于一些限制CO2排放的措施,因此具有很大的吸引力。从目前的研究进展来看,大多数研究尚处于定性描述阶段,虽然有一些量化的尝试,但多停留在低精度的外推或估算上,因此今后有关荒漠化与气候变化间反馈机制研究的重点应放在：(1)量化气候变化过程对干旱生态系统弹性、生物多样性、生物生产力和总体健康的影响。(2)模拟荒漠化发生发展对区域和全球的气候变化影响,(3)评价荒漠化防治对气候变化的可能影响及其程度,特别是一些大范围的生态建设工程在防治土地荒漠化方面的作用及其对气候变化的可能影响。简言之,从科学和政策的角度来看弄清荒漠化与气候变化间的反馈机制不仅有利于区域和全球尺度荒漠化防治的开展,而且也将为国际气候变化框架条约中相关部分的协商及谈判提供依据。