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91.
The RNA binding protein TLS is translocated to dendritic spines by mGluR5 activation and regulates spine morphology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fujii R Okabe S Urushido T Inoue K Yoshimura A Tachibana T Nishikawa T Hicks GG Takumi T 《Current biology : CB》2005,15(6):587-593
Neuronal dendrites, together with dendritic spines, exhibit enormously diverse structure. Selective targeting and local translation of mRNAs in dendritic spines have been implicated in synapse remodeling or synaptic plasticity. The mechanism of mRNA transport to the postsynaptic site is a fundamental question in local dendritic translation. TLS (translocated in liposarcoma), previously identified as a component of hnRNP complexes, unexpectedly showed somatodendritic localization in mature hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In the present study, TLS was translocated to dendrites and was recruited to dendrites not only via microtubules but also via actin filaments. In mature hippocampal pyramidal neurons, TLS accumulated in the spines at excitatory postsynapses upon mGluR5 activation, which was accompanied by an increased RNA content in dendrites. Consistent with the in vitro studies, TLS-null hippocampal pyramidal neurons exhibited abnormal spine morphology and lower spine density. Our results indicate that TLS participates in mRNA sorting to the dendritic spines induced by mGluR5 activation and regulates spine morphology to stabilize the synaptic structure. 相似文献
92.
Hegab AE Sakamoto T Saitoh W Nomura A Ishii Y Morishima Y Iizuka T Kiwamoto T Matsuno Y Massoud HH Massoud HM Hassanein KM Sekizawa K 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2005,329(4):1246-1252
It is recognized that genetic factors play a role in the susceptibility to COPD. COPD is characterized by airflow limitation. Chronic inflammation causes small airway disease and parenchymal destruction, leading to the airflow limitation. Polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes may confer a risk for the development of COPD. A case-control association study was performed in Japanese population (88 COPD patients and 61 controls) and Egyptian population (106 patients and 72 controls). Genotype and allele frequencies of the TNFalpha -308 G/A and +489 G/A polymorphisms, the IL1beta -511 C/T, -31 T/C, and +3954 C/T polymorphisms, and a VNTR polymorphism in intron 2 of the IL1RN gene were investigated. In addition, pairwise haplotype frequencies were analyzed. When studied independently, none of the polymorphisms were associated with the development of COPD in both populations. However, in the Egyptian population, the distributions of the haplotype (IL1beta -31 T/C : IL1beta +3954 C/T) were significantly different between the COPD patients and the controls (p(corr)=0.0037). Our findings suggest that this haplotype within the IL1beta gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD and that the genetic factors of COPD susceptibility might be different between different populations. 相似文献
93.
Fourier transform infrared difference spectra upon single reduction of the secondary quinone electron acceptor Q(B) in photosystem II (PSII), without a contribution from the electron donor-side signals, were obtained for the first time using Mn-depleted PSII core complexes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. The Q(B)(-)/Q(B) difference spectrum exhibited a strong C...O stretching band of the semiquinone anion at 1480 cm(-)(1), the frequency higher by 2 cm(-)(1) than that of the corresponding band of Q(A)(-), in agreement with the previous S(2)Q(B)(-)/S(1)Q(B) spectrum of the PSII membranes of spinach [Zhang, H., Fischer, G., and Wydrzynski, T. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 5511-5517]. Also, several peaks originating from the Fermi resonance of coupled His modes with its strongly H-bonded NH vibration were observed in the 2900-2600 cm(-)(1) region, where the peak frequencies were higher by 7-24 cm(-)(1) compared with those of the Q(A)(-)/Q(A) spectrum. These frequency differences suggest that H-bond interactions of the CO groups, especially with a His side chain, are different between Q(B)(-) and Q(A)(-). Furthermore, a prominent positive peak was observed at 1745 cm(-)(1) in the C=O stretching region of COOH or ester groups in the Q(B)(-)/Q(B) spectrum. The peak frequency was unaffected by D(2)O substitution, indicating that this peak does not arise from a COOH group but probably from the 10a-ester C=O group of the pheophytin molecule adjacent to Q(B). The absence of protonation of carboxylic amino acids upon Q(B)(-) formation in contrast to the previous observation in the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides suggests that the protonation mechanism of Q(B) in PSII is different from that of bacterial reaction centers. 相似文献
94.
The primary donor chlorophyll (Chl) of photosystem II (PSII), P680, has an extremely high oxidation redox potential (E(ox)) of approximately 1.2 V, which is essential for photosynthetic water oxidation. The mechanism for achieving a high potential such as that of P680 has been one of the central questions in photosynthesis research. Here, we have examined the dielectric constant (epsilon) dependence of the E(ox) of monomer Chl using density functional theory calculations with the polarizable continuum model. The calculated E(ox) of a model Chl compound exhibited a sharp increase with a decrease in epsilon in the relatively low epsilon region (epsilon < 5). In contrast, in the higher-epsilon region, E(ox) was rather insensitive to epsilon and converged to a constant value at very high epsilon values. This tendency in the high-epsilon region explains the experimental E(ox) values of isolated Chl a that have been observed in a relatively narrow range of 0.74-0.93 V. The E(ox) of Chl in an ideal hydrophobic protein was estimated to be approximately 1.4 V at an epsilon value of 2. This value indicates that Chl in a hydrophobic environment originally has a high E(ox) that is sufficient for oxidizing water (E(ox) = 0.88 V at pH 6). On the basis of the reported X-ray crystallographic structures, the protein environment of P680 in PSII was estimated to be more hydrophobic than that of the primary donors in bacterial reaction centers. It is therefore suggested that the low-dielectric environment around P680 is one of the major factors in its very high E(ox), and thus, introducing nonpolar amino acids into the binding pocket of P680 was an important process in the evolution of PSII. 相似文献
95.
96.
Sugiura M Rappaport F Brettel K Noguchi T Rutherford AW Boussac A 《Biochemistry》2004,43(42):13549-13563
Site-directed mutagenesis in the photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving enzyme was achieved in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. PSII from this species is the focus of attention because its robustness makes it suitable for enzymological and biophysical studies. PSII, which lacks the redox-active tyrosine Tyr(D), was engineered by substituting a phenylalanine for tyrosine 160 of the D2 protein. An aim of this work was to engineer a mutant for spectroscopy, in particular, for EPR, on the active enzyme. The Tyr(D)(*) EPR signal was monitored in whole cells (i) to control the expression level of the two genes (psbD(1) and psbD(2)) encoding D2 and (ii) to assess the success of the mutagenesis. Both psbD(1) and psbD(2) could be expressed, and recombination occurred between them. The D2-Y160F mutation was introduced into psbD(1) after psbD(2) was deleted and a His-tag was attached to the CP43 protein. The effects of the Y160F mutation were characterized in cells, thylakoids, and isolated PSII. The efficiency of enzyme function under the conditions tested was unaffected. The distribution and lifetime of the redox states (S(n)() states) of the enzyme cycle were modified, with more S(0) in the dark and no rapid decay phase of S(3). Although not previously reported, these effects were expected because Tyr(D)(*) is able to oxidize S(0) and Tyr(D) is able to reduce S(2) and S(3). Slight changes in the difference spectra in the visible and infrared recorded upon the formation and reduction of the chlorophyll cation P(680)(+) and kinetic measurements of P(680)(+) reduction indicated minor structural perturbations, perhaps in the hydrogen-bonding network linking Tyr(D) and P(680), rather than electrostatic changes associated with the loss of a charge from Tyr(D)(*)(H(+)). We show here that this fully active preparation can provide spectra from the Mn(4)CaO(4) complex and associated radical species uncontaminated by Tyr(D)(*). 相似文献
97.
Shibuya Y Hirasawa N Sakai T Togashi Y Muramatsu R Ishii K Yamashita M Takayanagi M Ohuchi K 《Life sciences》2004,75(4):435-446
The role of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in NCI-H292 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, was analyzed. Treatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) (16.2 nM) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (100 U/ml) induced phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK. The MEK inhibitor U0126 (0.1 to 10 microM) enhanced the TPA-induced ICAM-1 expression but not the IFN-gamma-induced one. U0126 also enhanced the ICAM-1 expression induced by two other PKC activators teleocidin (22.5 nM) and aplysiatoxin (14.9 nM). Furthermore, PD98059 (0.5 to 50 microM), another MEK inhibitor, enhanced the TPA-induced ICAM-1 expression as well. The inhibitor of p38 MAPK SB203580 did not affect the TPA-induced ICAM-1 expression. BAY11-7082, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, and MG132, a 26S proteasome inhibitor, reduced the TPA-induced ICAM-1 expression but not the IFN-gamma-induced one. TPA partially decreased the level of IkappaB-alpha and the reduction was further augmented by U0126 in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggested that, in NCI-H292 cells, p44/42 MAPK suppresses PKC activator-induced NF-kappaB activation, thus negatively regulating the PKC activator-induced ICAM-1 expression but not the IFN-gamma-induced one. 相似文献
98.
McCarl CA Khalil S Ma J Oh-hora M Yamashita M Roether J Kawasaki T Jairaman A Sasaki Y Prakriya M Feske S 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2010,185(10):5845-5858
ORAI1 is the pore-forming subunit of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, which is responsible for store-operated Ca(2+) entry in lymphocytes. A role for ORAI1 in T cell function in vivo has been inferred from in vitro studies of T cells from human immunodeficient patients with mutations in ORAI1 and Orai1(-/-) mice, but a detailed analysis of T cell-mediated immune responses in vivo in mice lacking functional ORAI1 has been missing. We therefore generated Orai1 knock-in mice (Orai1(KI/KI)) expressing a nonfunctional ORAI1-R93W protein. Homozygosity for the equivalent ORAI1-R91W mutation abolishes CRAC channel function in human T cells resulting in severe immunodeficiency. Homozygous Orai1(KI/KI) mice die neonatally, but Orai1(KI/KI) fetal liver chimeric mice are viable and show normal lymphocyte development. T and B cells from Orai1(KI/KI) mice display severely impaired store-operated Ca(2+) entry and CRAC channel function resulting in a strongly reduced expression of several key cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Cell-mediated immune responses in vivo that depend on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell function were severely attenuated in ORAI1-deficient mice. Orai1(KI/KI) mice lacked detectable contact hypersensitivity responses and tolerated skin allografts significantly longer than wild-type mice. In addition, T cells from Orai1(KI/KI) mice failed to induce colitis in an adoptive transfer model of inflammatory bowel disease. These findings reaffirm the critical role of ORAI1 for T cell function and provide important insights into the in vivo functions of CRAC channels for T cell-mediated immunity. 相似文献
99.
Takumi Suzuki 《Journal of insect physiology》2010,56(6):673-677
Successful insect development is achieved via appropriate fluctuation of ecdysteroid levels. When an insect's ecdysteroid level is disrupted, physiological and developmental defects occur. In the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the rectal sac is an essential organ that operates as a repository for degraded ecdysteroids, and it can be distended by administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Our previous study showed that rectal sac distention appears 4 days after 20E administration. Hemolymph ecdysteroid levels, however, decrease to lower level during this period. Thus, the timing of the rectal sac distention does not match with that of ecdysteroid elevation. Here, we examine how 20E induces rectal sac distention. A ligature experiment and ecdysteroid quantification showed that continuous 20E stimulation induces rectal sac distention. Thorax tissue contributed to the continuous 20E stimulation needed to induce distention. Ecdysteroid released from the thorax tissue may be converted to 20E by ecdysone 20-hydroxylase to produce continuous 20E stimulation. Thus, the ecdysone metabolic pathway plays a critical role in rectal sac distention. 相似文献
100.