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71.
T. Togashi Taizo Motomura Terunobu Ichimura Paul Alan Cox 《Sexual plant reproduction》1999,12(3):158-163
The role of phototactic behavior of gametes was tested experimentally in the slightly anisogamous marine green alga Monostroma angicava Kjellman, and the effect of phototaxis on mating efficiency was discovered. Both male and female gametes showed positive
phototaxis in response to a white light source. In contrast, they did not respond to a red light source. Their swimming velocity
did not differ between these two illuminating light sources. It was, therefore, suggested that the search ability of the gamete
itself might not vary between phototactic and non-phototactic conditions. The number of zygotes formed during the mating process
may be expressed as the product of the number of encounters between male and female gametes and the fraction of encounters
that result in sexual fusion. In this study, with high densities of male and female gametes mixed in test tubes, almost all
minor (fewer in number) gametes fused sexually within 10 min. After dilution of the gamete suspensions by half, mating efficiency
in test tubes illuminated by white light from above was higher than that in dark controls. This suggests that male and female
gametes gathered at the water surface through their positive phototaxis, thus increasing the rate of encounters. Mating efficiency
also decreased if the test tubes were illuminated from above by white light and also shaken. Since negative phototaxis is
clearly shown in planozygotes, we suggest that positive phototaxis of male and female gametes in M. angicava is an adaptive trait for increasing the rate of gametic encounters rather than for the dispersal of zygotes as previously
reported for zoospores of some marine algae.
Received: 12 February 1999 / Revision accepted: 24 May 1999 相似文献
72.
Kazumi Kajiwara Kentaro Watanabe Rei Tokiwa Tomoko Kurose Hiroaki Ohno Hiroko Tsutsumi Yoji Hata Kazuki Izumi Eiichi Kodama Masao Matsuoka Shinya Oishi Nobutaka Fujii 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2009,17(23):7964-7970
The bioorganic synthesis of an end-capped anti-HIV peptide from a recombinant protein was investigated. Cyanogen bromide-mediated cleavage of two Met-Gln sites across the target anti-HIV sequence generated an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor (SC35EK) analog bearing an N-terminal pyroglutamate (pGlu) residue and a C-terminal homoserine lactone (Hsl) residue. The end-capped peptide, pGlu-SC35EK-Hsl, had similar bioactivity and biophysical properties to the parent peptide, and an improved resistance to peptidase-mediated degradation was observed compared with the non-end-capped peptide obtained using standard recombinant technology. 相似文献
73.
Etsuko Sugino Katsuhiko Minoura Yasuko In Taizo Taniguchi Toshimasa Ishida 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2009,385(2):236-10886
The analysis of the self-assembly mechanism of the tau microtubule-binding domain (MBD) could provide the information needed to develop an effective method for the inhibition of the tau filament formation because of its core region that forms the filament. The MBD domain in the living body consists of similar three or four 31- to 32-residue repeats, namely 3RMBD (R134) and 4RMBD (R1234), respectively. The filament formation of the MBD has been mainly investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy utilizing the β-sheet structure-binding signal sensor thioflavin. This method observes the aggregation indirectly, and provides no information on the time-dependent change in aggregation size or volume. Thus, to determine the structure necessary for initiating MBD self-association, the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method was applied to the analysis of the aggregations of 3RMBD, 4RMBD and their component single repeats and shown to be a powerful tool for directly analyzing filament formation. DLS analysis clearly showed that the building unit for initiating the aggregation is the intermolecular R3-R3 disulfide-bonded dimer for 3RMBD and the intramolecular R2-R3 disulfide-bonded monomer for 4RMBD, and their aggregation processes under physiological condition differ from each other, which has not been clearly revealed by the conventional fluorescence method. The repeat-number-dependent aggregation model of MBD, together with the function of each repeat, reported in this paper should help to devise a method of preventing tau PHF formation. 相似文献
74.
Regeneration processes of riparian Robinia
pseudoacacia forests after clear-cutting were investigated through dendroecological and microsatellite polymorphism analyses. Age determination
of regenerated R. pseudoacacia trees based on the dendroecological analysis revealed that forests regenerating after clear-cutting were composed of trees
that mostly established within a few years after clear-cutting. This suggests that the stimulus to form new shoots was evoked
by clear-cutting but faded within a few years. Genet identification via the microsatellite polymorphism analysis showed that
ramet trees belonging to the same genet were distributed in a cluster. Almost all trees regenerated asexually through new
ramet formation on the cut stumps and residual horizontal roots after clear-cutting. AMOVA with microsatellite markers showed
that among- and within-population variations contributed 6 and 94% to the total variation, respectively, suggesting that R.
pseudoacacia trees in the forests were initially established from seeds dispersed randomly from mother trees in a wide area. 相似文献
75.
76.
Chikako Nagasato Naoko Kajimura Makoto Terauchi Yoshinobu Mineyuki Taizo Motomura 《Protoplasma》2014,251(6):1347-1357
In brown algae, membrane resources for the new cell partition during cytokinesis are mainly flat cisternae (FCs) and Golgi-derived vesicles. We used electron tomography coupled with rapid freezing/freeze substitution of zygotes to clarify the structure of transient membrane compartments during cytokinesis in Silvetia zygotes. After mitosis, an amorphous membranous structure, considered to be an FC intermediate was observed near endoplasmic reticulum clusters, lying between two daughter nuclei. FCs were arrayed at the cytokinetic plane, and a tubular membranous network was formed around them. This network might be formed by the consecutive fusion of spherical vesicles that are linked to the edges of FCs to form a membranous network (MN). At the initial stage of the formation of a membranous sac (MS) from the MN, the MS had flat and swollen parts, with the latter showing membranous tunnels. Coated pits were detected with high frequency at the swollen parts of the MS. This observation indicated that membranous tunnels disappeared by recycling of excess membrane via endocytosis, and the swollen part became flat. The MN appeared at the edges of the growing MS. MN and the MN-MS complex were observed along the cytokinetic plane in several spaces. The MS expanded by the incorporation of MN or other MS in its neighborhood. With the maturation of the new cell partition membrane, the thickness of the MS became constant and the membrane cavity disappeared. The changes in the surface area and volume of the transient membrane compartment during cytokinesis were analyzed from the tomographic data. 相似文献
77.
Kitajima N Watanabe K Morimoto S Sato Y Kiyonaka S Hoshijima M Ikeda Y Nakaya M Ide T Mori Y Kurose H Nishida M 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2011,(1):108-113
Obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) also plays a critical role in obesity-related metabolic disorders and in several types of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), both of which inhibit the RAS, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated colonic premalignant lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) obese mice. Male db/db mice were given 4 weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight), and then, they received drinking water containing captopril (ACE inhibitor, 5 mg/kg/day) or telmisartan (ARB, 5 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks. At sacrifice, administration of either captopril or telmisartan significantly reduced the total number of colonic premalignant lesions, i.e., aberrant crypt foci and β-catenin accumulated crypts, compared to that observed in the control group. The expression levels of TNF-α mRNA in the colonic mucosa of AOM-treated db/db mice were decreased by captopril and telmisartan. Captopril lowered the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PAI-1 mRNAs, while telmisartan lowered the expression levels of COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and PAI-1 mRNAs in the white adipose tissues of these mice. In addition, these agents significantly reduced the levels of urinary 8-OHdG, a surrogate marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in the experimental mice. These findings suggested that both ACE inhibitor and ARB suppress chemically-induced colon carcinogenesis by attenuating chronic inflammation and reducing oxidative stress in obese mice. Therefore, targeting dysregulation of the RAS might be an effective strategy for chemoprevention of colorectal carcinogenesis in obese individuals. 相似文献
78.
Although sialic acids have a key role in many aspects of human biology, the expression of polysialic acid (PSA) in human tissues is thought to be relatively rare. We identified a derivative of PSA called neuraminic acid-containing PSA or NeuPSA that was highly expressed in primary human melanoma tumors and in several cancer cell lines. Moreover, anti-NeuPSA antibodies could induce apoptosis of cancer cells. However, little was known about NeuPSA expression in normal or diseased tissues. In this study we investigated the complete expression profile of NeuPSA in human tissues and a few primary tumors using the anti-NeuPSA monoclonal antibody, SEAM 3. Almost every human tissue tested spanning a representative sample of all organ types was positive for SEAM 3 binding. Specificity of SEAM 3 binding was established by inhibition with NeuPSA but not closely related meningococcal C polysaccharide and loss of SEAM 3 binding when specimens were treated with periodate at high pH, which specifically destroys NeuPSA. Only subsets of cells in each specimen stained positive, and the relative staining between tissues was variable. The distribution and amount of NeuPSA antigen in tissues was correlated with known levels of polysialyltransferase PST or STX expression. The majority of anti-NeuPSA binding occurred intracellularly in the cytoplasm of cells. Tumors generally exhibited considerably increased staining compared with corresponding normal tissues. Identifying the diverse tissue distribution and intracellular location of NeuPSA provides a foundation for investigating the functional role of NeuPSA in human health and disease. 相似文献
79.
Toshikazu Araoka Shin-ichi Mae Yuko Kurose Motonari Uesugi Akira Ohta Shinya Yamanaka Kenji Osafune 《PloS one》2014,9(1)
The first step in developing regenerative medicine approaches to treat renal diseases using pluripotent stem cells must be the generation of intermediate mesoderm (IM), an embryonic germ layer that gives rise to kidneys. In order to achieve this goal, establishing an efficient, stable and low-cost method for differentiating IM cells using small molecules is required. In this study, we identified two retinoids, AM580 and TTNPB, as potent IM inducers by high-throughput chemical screening, and established rapid (five days) and efficient (80% induction rate) IM differentiation from human iPSCs using only two small molecules: a Wnt pathway activator, CHIR99021, combined with either AM580 or TTNPB. The resulting human IM cells showed the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types that constitute adult kidneys, and to form renal tubule-like structures. These small molecule differentiation methods can bypass the mesendoderm step, directly inducing IM cells by activating Wnt, retinoic acid (RA), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. Such methods are powerful tools for studying kidney development and may potentially provide cell sources to generate renal lineage cells for regenerative therapy. 相似文献
80.
Zheng Wang Akira Sato Daiki Akiyama Taizo Kimura Kazuko Tajiri Tomoya Hoshi Satoshi Sakai Akira Koike Takashi Miyauchi Kazutaka Aonuma 《Life sciences》2014