少根根霉产孢能力、变种与发酵产物的相关性

[目的]探究少根根霉不同生态环境、不同地理位置、不同产孢能力和不同分类学变种的发酵产物多样性及相关性,为工业生产提供指导.[方法]代表性的68株少根根霉菌株于糯米培养基中进行液态发酵,利用高效液相色谱法测定各种发酵产物浓度,计算发酵产物间的Pearson相关系数,通过多因素方差分析和主成分分析解析各类菌株与发酵特性的相...     

Leaf hydraulics and drought stress: response, recovery and survivorship in four woody temperate plant species

Efficient conduction of water inside leaves is essential for leaf function, yet the hydraulic-mediated impact of drought on gas exchange remains poorly understood. Here we examine the decline and subsequent recovery of leaf water potential ( Ψ _leaf), leaf hydraulic conductance ( K _leaf), and midday transpiration ( E ) in four temperate woody species exposed to controlled drought conditions ranging from mild to lethal. During drought the vulnerability of K _leaf to declining Ψ _leaf varied greatly among the species sampled. Following drought, plants were rewatered and the rate of E and K _leaf recovery was found to be strongly dependent on the severity of the drought imposed. Gas exchange recovery was strongly correlated with the relatively slow recovery of K _leaf for three of the four species, indicating conformity to a hydraulic-stomatal limitation model of plant recovery. However, there was also a shift in the sensitivity of stomata to Ψ _leaf suggesting that the plant hormone abscisic acid may be involved in limiting the rate of stomatal reopening. The level of drought tolerance varied among the four species and was correlated with leaf hydraulic vulnerability. These results suggest that species-specific variation in hydraulic properties plays a fundamental role in steering the dynamic response of plants during recovery.     

Heterospecific ovicide influences the outcome of competition between two endoparasitoids, Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola

Abstract.  1. Studies of inter-specific competition in parasitoids have largely focused on the outcome of within-host competition and the behavioural mechanisms by which female parasitoids prevent competition. Another, less well studied, possibility is oviposition preceded by 'heterospecific ovicide', the destruction of the other species' egg. Heterospecific ovicide essentially eliminates within-host competition.
2. This study investigated the mechanisms and outcome of within-host competition in Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola , solitary endoparasitoids of whitefly pests. These species are known to commit ovicide of conspecific eggs.
3. Competition experiments indicated that the offspring of second-ovipositing females had an apparent advantage in competition, regardless of whether the second female was E. formosa or E. luteola .
4. Observations of ovipositor movement through the cuticle of host whitefly nymphs showed that both species often committed heterospecific ovicide and then oviposited or host-fed. Multiparasitism and heterospecific host discrimination were less common and absent respectively.
5. Heterospecific ovicide appears to explain the second-female advantage in competition between these species. Second-female advantage is contrary to the paradigmatic view of multiparasitism, where the first-ovipositing female has an advantage in competition or one of the species consistently prevails in competition.     

Impacts of wind disturbance on fragmented tropical forests: A review and synthesis

Abstract Wind disturbance is an important ecological force in the tropics, especially in the cyclonic and hurricane zones from about 7–20° latitude. Damage from intense winds may be especially severe in fragmented forests because of their abrupt artificial margins and denuded surrounding landscapes. We review available information on the effects of windstorms on fragmented forests, synthesizing studies from Australasia, Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. Wind damage in fragmented landscapes can be influenced by a range of factors, such as forest‐edge orientation, edge structure, the size of nearby clearings and local topography. We argue that wind disturbances are likely to interact with, and exacerbate, a range of deleterious environmental changes in fragmented forests. Among the most important of these are altered forest structure, shifts in plant species composition, exotic‐plant invasions, reduced carbon storage and elevated vulnerability to fire. The damaging impacts of winds on fragmented forests could potentially increase in the future, particularly if global warming leads to increasingly severe or frequent windstorms.     

An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle–Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae

Until now the Doswelliidae was considered a monospecific family including Doswellia kaltenbachi from the Late Triassic of North America. The phylogenetic position of this taxon remained enigmatic until recently, when a sister‐group relationship with the Proterochampsidae was suggested. In the present contribution we describe the new doswelliid species Archeopelta arborensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle–Late Triassic of Brazil. A cladistic analysis recovered Archeopelta, Doswellia, and Tarjadia within a monophyletic group of basal archosauriforms, the Doswelliidae. The monophyly of this family is supported by the presence of osteoderm ornamentation that is coarse, incised, and composed of regular pits and the presence of an unornamented anterior articular lamina. Archeopelta is more closely related to Doswellia than to other archosauriforms by the presence of basipterygoid processes anterolaterally orientated, dorsal centra with a convex surface, width of the neural arch plus ribs of the first primordial sacral that are three times the length of the neural arch, and iliac blade laterally deflected, with strongly convex dorsal margin, and a length less than three times its height. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that Doswellidae is the closest large monophyletic entity to Archosauria, which achieved a wide palaeolatitudinal distribution during the late Middle and Late Triassic time span. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161 , 839–871.