长江三峡库区土地利用/覆盖的长期变化

了解土地利用/覆盖的时空变化有助于揭示气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的影响,是开展生态系统管理的重要前提.长江三峡库区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,环境变化影响的复杂性显著,但目前对此仍缺乏系统了解.本文通过解译Landsat时序遥感影像,获取三峡库区土地利用/覆盖数据,研究土地利用/覆盖构成结构及其分布的长期时空变化特征,以揭示三峡库区土地利用/覆盖的演变规律,为深入了解生态脆弱区生态系统变化复杂性和区域生态系统管理提供科学依据.结果表明: 1990—2015年间,三峡库区土地利用/覆盖结构的空间异质性和变化显著,农田面积比例由66.2%降至40.4%,林地面积比例由31.3%增至53.5%,库区由农业景观转变为以森林、灌木林等为主的林地景观,建设用地和水体逐渐增加;林地逐渐向库区中部扩张,建设用地点状扩张;海拔500～1000 m和坡度15°～25°区域林地面积比例增长最明显,针叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林等植被类型增长最快.研究期间,三峡水库建设和各类生态恢复工程的实施促使区域土地利用/覆盖结构呈阶段性变化,总体表现为生态恢复趋势.积极的生态恢复措施有助于消减工程建设对区域生态环境的负面影响.     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同层次水稻土有机碳稳定性的影响

研究大气CO₂浓度升高对不同层次土壤有机碳(SOC)稳定性的影响对深入理解高浓度CO₂下SOC转化具有重要意义.以FACE(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment)平台长期定位试验水稻土为研究对象,通过SOC物理分级及矿化培养试验,研究大气CO₂浓度升高对稻田SOC含量、颗粒有机质(POM)含量、SOC矿化强度和酶活性变化的影响,探讨CO₂浓度升高对不同层次稻田SOC稳定性的影响.结果表明:大气CO₂浓度升高对表层SOC含量无显著影响,但使表层土壤POM-C显著增加了93.7%,同时使表层土壤蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别提高了61.1%和83.7%,从而降低了表层SOC稳定性;大气CO₂浓度升高对深层SOC含量及其稳定性均无显著影响.研究结果将有助于评估土壤固定和储备碳的能力,为今后温室效应下农田管理提供科学依据.     

Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the roots response to low root-zone temperature in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus baccata</Emphasis>

Soil temperature is known to affect plant growth and productivity. In this study we found that low root-zone temperature (LRT) inhibited the growth of apple (Malus baccata Borkh.) seedlings. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of LRT response, we performed comparative proteome analysis of the apple roots under LRT for 6 days. Total proteins of roots were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and 29 differentially accumulated proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. They were involved in protein transport/processing/degradation (21%), glycometabolism (20%), response to stress (14%), oxidoreductase activity (14%), protein binding (7%), RNA metabolism (7%), amino acid biosynthesis (3%) and others (14%). The results revealed that LRT inhibited glycometabolism and RNA metabolism. The up-regulated proteins which were associated with oxidoreductase activity, protein metabolism and defense response, might be involved in protection mechanisms against LRT stress in the apple seedlings. Subsequently, 8 proteins were selected for the mRNA quantification analysis, and we found 6 of them were consistently regulated between protein and mRNA levels. In addition, the enzyme activities in ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were determined, and APX activity was increased and GR activity was decreased under LRT, in consistent with the protein levels. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of M. baccata in responding to LRT.     

A novel receptor-targeted gene delivery system for cancer gene therapy

Some growth factor receptors, such as insulin like growth factor Ⅰ and Ⅱ receptor (IGF Ⅰ R, IGF Ⅱ R) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF R), have been proved to be over-expressed in a variety of human cancers derived from different tissue origins. Based on this molecular alteration, a polypeptide conjugate gene delivery system was designed and synthesized. It contains three essential moieties: a ligand oligopeptide (LOP) for receptor recognition, a polycationic polypeptide (PCP) such as protamine (PA) or poly-L-lysine (PL) as a backbone for DNA binding and an endosome-releasing oligopeptide (EROP) such as influenza baenagglutinin oligopeptide (HA20) for endosomolysis. These components are covalently conjugated as LOP-PCP-HA20 or in the form of a mixture of LOP-PCP and HA20-PCP. A 14 amino acid E5 was designed and synthesized as LOP for IGF Ⅰ R and IGF Ⅱ R, and a 16 amino acid GE7 as LOP for EGF R. Both E5 and GE7 systems could form stable complex with the plasmid DNA as E5-PCP/DNA/PCP-HA20 a     

Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Primary Conversion of Light Energy of Alfalfa Photosynthesis

In studying the mechanism of increase in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ) photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric CO2, it was found that the capacity of chloroplasts for light absorption was greater, the potential activity and efficiency of primary conversion of light enlergy of PS Ⅱ , quantum yield of PS Ⅱ electron transport, and activation capacity of PS Ⅰ were stimulated, photochemical quenching coefficient was increased and non-photochemical quenching coefficient was decreased under elevated atmospheric CO2.     

防止逃鱼用的拦网和拦栅的合理规格的研究

目前一般较大的湖泊水库放养鱼类的回捕率颇低,逃鱼是重要原因之一。为了确定拦鱼用的网和栅所应采取的规格,测量了2,227尾(3—16厘米)鲢、鳙、草、青鱼种的全长,最大周长、头宽、颅宽的各个数值,推算出全长与最大周长、头宽、颅宽的迥归方程式及它们的95%的可信限。通过实验,观察到在流水条件下,鱼种能溯水穿越较自身最大周长为小的拦网网目或较头宽为小的拦栅栅距而逃逸。作者称这种能力为“穿拦系数”(用Kg 或Kp 表示)。并测出在武昌东湖某些生活污水进水口处,1973年3—4月份白鲢鱼种的穿拦系数按Kg 计算为1.5,按Kp 计算为1.2。作者建议在静水或出水口处,设置拦鱼用的拦网的网目长度不得超过所投放色种的最大周长的95%的可信限的下限的1/2,各种拦栅的栅距不得超过鱼种的头宽的95%可信限的下限。而在流水条件下,在确定所应采取的拦网网目或拦栅栅距时,还应该考虑“穿拦系数”在内。文末附有检索表,列举了鲢、鳙、草、青鱼种(3—16厘米)相应于全长值的最大周长值、头宽值、颅宽值以及它们的95%可信限的上限和下限的各个数值,供确定拦网网目和拦栅栅距的规格时参考。       

加压对茶叶加工中酶活力影响的研究

本试验验采用调控大气压力的物理方法,研究了在红茶制作过程中加压与多酚氧化酶、α—淀粉酶、转化酶、蛋白水解酶活力强弱的关系。结果发现：加压能提高这四种酶活力,且在一定范围内随压力增加和加压时间延长,其活力均提高。同时,又研究了压力对多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）同工酶活力的影响。结果发现：ＰＰＯ１、ＰＰＯ２的活力有较小幅度的提高,ＰＰＯ３基本没有变化,ＰＰＯ４、ＰＰＯ５、ＰＰＯ６随加压时间延长,活力呈大幅度提高。     

葡萄糖异构酶基因工程菌的改造初探

葡萄糖异构酶（ｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｉｓｏｍｅｒａｓｅ,ＧＩ）是使用量最大的工业酶之一,可用于高果糖浆的生产,也可以用含木聚糖物质及废料为底物发酵生产乙醇,具有重要的经济价值．本文选择了表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０［１］,利用ＰＣＲ方法删除了原表达质粒ｐＴＫＤＧＩ１中ＧＩ结构基因５′端多余的核苷酸,并添加了合适的酶切位点,重新构建了能在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中高效表达ＧＩＧ１３８Ｐ的表达质粒ｐＢＺＧＩ１．传代实验表明,新表达体系的稳定性明显优于原表达体系．粗酶液经热处理、ＤＥＡＥＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＦＦ和分子筛Ｓｅ…     

遮荫对黑茶藨子叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响

以黑茶藨子为试验材料,通过人工遮荫的方式,研究了不同遮荫强度（全光照、20%和60%遮荫）和遮荫时间（初期、中期和后期）对黑茶藨子叶片形态解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明：（1）20%、60%遮荫处理的叶片厚度均显著低于全光照处理,上下表皮厚度则高于全光照处理;随着遮荫强度的加大,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值大小均呈减少趋势,随着遮荫时间的延长,呈增加趋势。（2）遮荫初期和中期,20%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）比全光照和60%遮荫处理的值略高,但差异并不显著（P>0.05）,其蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（WUE）也略有增加;但是,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著低于全光照处理（P<0.05）。遮荫后期,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著高于全光照处理,且水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）均显著高于全光照和20%遮荫处理。综上所述,遮荫处理导致叶片厚度减少,海绵组织比例增加,有利于减少透射光中的光量子丧失,提高光能利用效率;生长早期和中期作20%轻度遮荫处理,后期作60%中度遮荫处理能提高植株对光和水分的利用效率、维持较高的光合速率、延缓衰老。