Vegetable biology and breeding in the genomics era

Vegetable crops provide a rich source of essential nutrients for humanity and represent critical economic values to global rural societies. However, genetic studies of vegetable crops have lagged behind major food crops, such as rice, wheat and maize, thereby limiting the application of molecular breeding. In the past decades, genome sequencing technologies have been increasingly applied in genetic studies and breeding of vegetables. In this review, we recapitulate recent progress on reference genome construction, population genomics and the exploitation of multi-omics datasets in vegetable crops. These advances have enabled an in-depth understanding of their domestication and evolution, and facilitated the genetic dissection of numerous agronomic traits, which jointly expedites the exploitation of state-of-the-art biotechnologies in vegetable breeding. We further provide perspectives of further directions for vegetable genomics and indicate how the ever-increasing omics data could accelerate genetic, biological studies and breeding in vegetable crops.

     

EFFECTS OF HELPER PROTEINS ENCODED BY p19 AND orf1-orf2 GENES ON Cyt1Aa PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ACRYSTALLIFEROUS STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

A series of plasmids were constructed to examine the effects of p19 and orf1‐orf2 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis on Cyt1Aa synthesis and inclusion formation. The plasmids expressed the cyt1Aa gene along with either p19 or orf1‐orf2, or each of them coordinatively with p20 in the acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 4Q7. No effect on the expression of Cyt1Aa protein was found when P19 or Orf1‐Orf2 co‐expressed with Cyt1Aa. However, when including p20 gene, the constructs with p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene produced lower yield of Cyt1Aa proteins than without p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene. Electron microscopy observation and bioassay showed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 have no influence on the crystal size and toxicity of Cyt1Aa protein. It is presumed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 might have negative effects on Cyt1Aa synthesis in B. thuringiensis.     

渗透胁迫对高粱根K~＋吸收的影响

以ＣａＳＯ４０．５ｍｍｏｌＬ－１溶液培养高粱得到低钾植株,在渗透胁迫下当ＰＥＧ－１０００使外界渗透势下降时,刺激了高粱根高Ｋ＋亲和系统的净Ｋ＋积累,其表观Ｋｍ值和Ｔｍａｘ值分别为１８μｍｏｌＬ－１和４９．６μｍｏｌｇ－１ＤＷｈ－１。此高亲和系统不受可渗物质乙二醇和外界ｐＨ变化的影响,为蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚胺抑制。     

海甘蓝种子成熟过程中脂肪酸含量以及脱落酸和山梨醇的效应

海甘蓝种子在成熟过程中,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚麻酸的含量不断下降,而二十碳烯酸和芥酸的含量呈上升趋势。选用开花后２５～２７ｄ的海甘蓝幼胚分别在含不同浓度的ＡＢＡ或高渗透剂的培养基中培养１～３ｄ,发现其各种脂肪酸的变化趋势和种子自然成熟过程中脂肪酸的变化相似,说明ＡＢＡ或高渗透剂可能是种子成熟过程中各种脂肪酸合成和相互转化所需的条件。     

小牛类表皮生长因子活性肽（c－EGF）的分离纯化及性质

本文报道小牛颌下腺通过酸抽提、ＣＭ５２、ＤＥ５２柱层析、ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ７５凝胶过滤及ＨＰＬＣ等步,分离纯化到一个分子量为６ｋＤ,等电点为４．６的小肽。该小肽类似人重组表皮生长因子（ｒｈ—ＥＧＦ）的生物活性,具有刺激ＮＲＫ细胞的增殖及刺激新生小鼠的睁眼、萌牙,并具有增加Ａ４３１细胞膜蛋白质磷酸化的功能。氨基酸组成缺少苯丙氨酸及苏氨酸残基。我们命名它为小牛类ＥＧＦ样活性肽（ｃａｌｆＥＧＦ－ｌｉｋｅａｃｔｉｖｅｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ,简称ｃ－ＥＧＦ）。     

大麦G－带变动性以及与染色粒的一致性分析

以大麦为材料,进行了Ｇ－带带纹变动性分析以及Ｇ－带与减数分裂粗线期染色粒的比较。有丝分裂早中期至中期两个不同时期Ｇ－带带纹总数减少３６％,染色体组的绝对长度缩短２５％,带数减少的幅度大于染色体长度缩短的幅度。染色体组中每条染色体之间带纹减少的比例不尽相同,变幅在０．２９－０．５０之间。不同染色体绝对长度减少的幅度在０．２７－３．７０μ之间。从早中期至中期,每单位染色体绝对长度带数具相对减少的趋势。选择第６染色体进行的比较显示,减数分裂的染色粒与有丝分裂的Ｇ－带带纹之间具有很好的对应关系,Ｇ－带带纹和染色粒间的数目、位置和着色程度上都具一致性。对Ｇ－带性质和植物中Ｇ－带的应用等问题进行了讨论。     

An efficient synthesis of methyl tetra-o-hexyl gentiooctaoside, an octaosyl analogue of ANP receptor antagonist HS-142-1

Methyl

Full-size image

, a 3-O hexyl analogue of the octaosyl component of fungal lipooligosaccharide HS-142-1, was stereo- and regioselectively synthesized as a potent antagonist for the tetrameric atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors.     

山西星粉蚧属二新种记述（同翅目：蚧总科：粉蚧科）

本文记述采自中国山西的星粉蚧属２新种,模式标本保存在山西农大蚧虫研究中心。１．无脐星粉蚧Ｈｅｌｉｏｃｏｃｃｕｓａｃｉｒｃｕｌｕｓ,新种（图１）本新种与Ｈ．ＢａｏｔｏｕｉＴａｎｇ,１９８８为本属中无腹脐者。两种的区别在于后种星管腺２种,且多;而新种星管腺１种,且少。正模♀,蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｓｐ．）,山西沁水,１９９５－Ⅶ－２１,武三安采;副模１２♀♀,同正模;５♀♀,青蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｐｉａｃｅａ）,其它同正模２．苜蓿星粉蚧Ｈｅｌｉｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｍｅｄｉｃａｇｉｃｏｌａ,新种（图２）本新种与Ｈ．ｐａｖｌｏｖｓｋｉＢｏｒｃｈｓｅｎｉｕｓｅｔＴｅｒｅｚｎｉｋｏｖａ,１９５９相近,其区别在于新种星管腺少,只在后体部存在,而后种星管腺多,在体背缘成纵列。正模♀,苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｓａｔｉｖａ）,山西沁水,１９９５－Ⅶ－２２,武三安采;副模６♀♀,同正模