Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism,Photosynthetic Activity,and Yield Attributes of Spring Wheat by Nitrogen Fertilizer in the Semi-arid Loess Plateau Region

It is critical for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the semi-arid Loess Plateau to understand the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on changes in N metabolism, photosynthetic parameters, and their relationship with grain yield and quality. The photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves, dry matter accumulation, and N metabolite enzyme activities from anthesis to maturity were studied on a long-term fertilization trial under different N rates [0 kg ha^?1(N1), 52.5 kg ha^?1 (N2), 105 kg ha^?1 (N3), 157.5 kg ha^?1 (N4), and 210 kg ha^?1 (N5)]. It was observed that N3 produced optimum total dry matter (5407 kg ha^?1), 1000 grain weight (39.7 g), grain yield (2.64 t ha^?1), and protein content (13.97%). Our results showed that N fertilization significantly increased photosynthetic parameters and N metabolite enzymes at all growth stages. Nitrogen harvest index, partial productivity factor, agronomic recovery efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were decreased with increased N. Higher N rates (N3–N5) maintained higher photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation and lower intercellular CO₂ content. The N supply influenced NUE by improving photosynthetic properties. The N3 produced highest chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, grain yield, grain protein, dry matter, grains weight, and N metabolite enzyme activities compared to the other rates (N1, N2, N4, and N5). Therefore, increasing N rates beyond the optimum quantity only promotes vegetative development and results in lower yields.

     

Identification of TLR2/4-mediated phagocytosis and immune response activation pathways by vacuoles isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The vacuoles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are closely related to mammalian lysosomes and play a role in macromolecular degradation due to the hydrolytic enzymes present inside. The vacuoles also regulate osmotic pressure and control cellular homeostasis. In previous results, vacuoles were shown to activate the immune response of macrophages by promoting the production of immune-mediated transporters nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, the effects of vacuoles on the phagocytosis activity of RAW264.7 cells and their potential as immune enhancers were evaluated, and receptors capable of recognizing vacuoles were examined. An investigation using the phagocytes assay showed that phagocytosis activity increased by the vacuole. Besides, after treatment with TLR2/4 inhibitor, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by vacuoles was significantly reduced and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein was also significantly reduced. However, treatment with a TLR2 inhibitor did not reduce the production of interleukin-6 (IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. As a result of confirming the activation of TLR2/4 using Western blot and immunofluorescence (IF), the TLR2/4 protein expression and fluorescence intensity increased depending on the concentration of vacuoles. Yeast vacuoles significantly upregulate protein expression of p-p65/p-p38 MAPKs. In summary, the vacuoles isolated from S. cerevisiae in macrophages have increased phagocytic ability at a concentration of 20 (µg/ml) and can function as immune-enhancing agent suggesting that TLR2/4 mediated the p38 MAPK/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.     

光枝勾儿茶内生真菌多样性及抑菌活性研究

为探索贵州苗药光枝勾儿茶内生真菌类群特征、分布部位及其抑菌活性,该研究采用传统方法对贵州省贵阳市和黔西市光枝勾儿茶内生真菌进行分离,并基于分子生物学及统计学对其分类地位进行鉴定及多样性评价,最后通过微量肉汤倍比稀释法筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株。结果表明:(1)从光枝勾儿茶中分离到191 株内生真菌,隶属于3 个门5 个纲10 个目15 个科19 个属,优势属为叶点霉属(Phyllosticta)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、葡萄座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria)和刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)。(2)黔西光枝勾儿茶内生真菌香农-维纳多样性指数(H''_Q=2.112)较贵阳(H''_G=1.801)高,索伦森相似性指数Cs_G-Q为0.923,不同组织香农-维纳多样性指数为茎(H''_S=2.004)>根(H''_R=1.764)>叶(H''_L=1.654)>果实(H''_F=1.473),茎和叶内生真菌的索伦森相似性最高(Cs_S-L=0.667)。(3)筛选出的21株内生真菌对供试菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica)具有抑菌效果,其中Diaporthe sp. QX4G6对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为12.5、6.25、12.5 mg·mL^-1,最小杀菌浓度分别为12.5、6.25、12.5 mg·mL^-1。以上研究结果揭示了光枝勾儿茶蕴藏丰富的内生真菌资源,不同地区及组织内生真菌类群组成有差异,多个分离菌株具有抗菌活性,为光枝勾儿茶内生真菌天然抗菌药物或药源研发奠定了基础。     

海南潜在世界自然遗产地的突出普遍价值初探

世界自然遗产地是全球最具有保护价值的自然保护地,强调全球突出普遍价值的完整性和在全球的唯一性。世界自然遗产有助于更好地保护生态系统的完整性和原真性,促进人类与自然的可持续发展。该研究在大量文献资料的基础上,以海南潜在世界自然遗产地(海南热带雨林国家公园)原生动植物及植被群落(亚洲北缘热带雨林)为研究对象,从植被类型、物种多样性、区系组成、特有种等生物生态过程方面,评估海南潜在世界自然遗产地的全球突出普遍价值。结果表明:(1)海南潜在世界自然遗产地分布有3 653种野生维管植物,资源植物种类丰富。陆栖脊椎动物有540种,各类野生动物占全国的比例高达10%～30%,生物多样性极高。(2)植物区系独特,海南岛的热带雨林植被区划属于印度-马来雨林群系,属马来区的部分呈现出热带性和与中国华南大陆的共源性显示出明显的热带边缘性质,为中国华南植物区系与亚洲热带雨林的过渡类型。(3)植物区系中的植物物种特有性较低,特有属仅有7个,特有种仅约占岛内植物的1/10,较低的特有性表明了其大陆起源特征,是生物多样性不可替代的元素,具有鲜明的环境指示特色。该研究明确了海南潜在世界自然遗产地在全球背景下的突出普遍价值,为海南未来申遗提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

杨树拟茎点菌溃疡病的研究

本病系我国杨树新发生的一种病害。病原菌的分生孢子有2种形状,无色透明、单胞,呈纺缍形孢子大小为1.64—2.74×9.59—13.7μm。线形孢子顶端弯钩状大小为1.37—1.78×15—27.4μm。病原菌适宜生长的培养基为PDA、麦芽粉、豆饼粉培养基;温度为25—32℃和pH6—10。本病于4月下旬发病,5月中下旬分生孢子成熟,6月中下旬为分生孢子飞散高峰期。经室内采用多菌灵、甲基托布津、福美砷的200倍液浸泡插穗30、60、90分钟处理均有药害,采用100—200倍液浸泡10分钟无药害,对病害有防效。造林地幼树可采用上述药剂的100倍液进行刮破病斑涂抹,防效可达87.5％。     

侧脑室注射促甲状腺激素释放激素对大鼠睡眠—觉醒的影响

采用多导睡眠描记术研究了例脑室注射促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)对正常大鼠和去甲状腺大鼠睡眠-觉醒的影响。在正常大鼠,TRH引起觉醒增加,浅慢波睡眠(SWS_1)、深慢波睡眠(SWS_2)和总睡眠时间(TST)均减少,异相睡眠(PS)消失,SWS_1、SWS_2和PS的潜伏期均显著延长,给药后立即产生效应并在1h内达高峰。去甲状腺对大鼠的睡眠-觉醒无明显影响,注射TRH后引起的效应与正常大鼠相似。结果提示TRH有促进大鼠觉醒的作用,对各睡眠时相均有抑制作用,其作用部位可能在下丘脑以外的中枢结构。     

沙面结皮形成与微环境变化

研究结果表明沙坡头地区的大气年降尘(d相似文献   

浙江古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林叶衰老物候影响因子研究

该文选取浙江省古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林72种木本植物,探究气候因素、系统发育关系和功能性状对亚热带常绿阔叶林叶衰老物候的影响。结果表明,叶变色期在9—12月,落叶期在10—12月。每月落叶物种数与月均温、月均降水量和月均日照时数没有显著相关性,每月叶变色物种数与月均温和月均日照时数呈弱相关;落叶性对叶变色期和落叶期具有显著影响;植物间系统发育关系对叶变色期和落叶期没有显著影响。因此,生物和非生物因子都会影响常绿阔叶树种的叶衰老,这对于提高秋季物候预测模型具有重要价值。     

金银花花形基因的发掘及生物信息学分析

金银花作为我国重要的中药材,具有消炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、防癌等多种功效。随着金银花市场供需矛盾日益加剧,通过分子标记辅助选择育种方法来培育高产优质品种势在必行。通过NCBI的Blast工具扫描金银花蛋白组数据发掘花形候选基因,并执行候选基因的亲缘关系分析、结构域分析、表达模式分析、理化性质分析、蛋白质结构预测等一系列生物信息学分析。依据拟南芥调控花形的ABE类基因,通过NCBI-Blast工具扫描金银花氨基酸序列,筛选出包含MADS结构域的8个调控花形的金银花候选基因。经LjaFGD表达模式分析发现,金银花的花中GWHGAAZE016592和GWHGAAZE014905表达量显著高于其他部位,可能正向调控金银花花形。GWHGAAZE014905是一个包含MADS结构域的调控花器官发育的B类基因;GWHGAAZE016592是AP3同源基因。生物信息学分析发现,GWHGAAZE016592和GWHGAAZE014905均是稳定的亲水蛋白,属于非分泌蛋白,包括Motif1、Motif3、Motif4、Motif2、Motif6和Motif5,蛋白质三级结构模板为6byy.2.A和4ox0.2.C。GWHGAAZE014905被定位到细胞核上,而GWHGAAZE016592被定位到叶绿体上,且包含1个位于151~173 bp的跨膜螺旋区域,属于膜蛋白。研究结果为分子标记辅助选择方式培育道地高产优质金银花品种提供了基因资源和分子标记。     

柑橘大实蝇精巢、精泵和精泵内骨骼的生长发育状况

【目的】柑橘大实蝇是一种严重为害柑橘类果实的经济害虫。研究其精巢、精泵以及精泵内骨骼生长发育状况,有助于提高柑橘大实蝇人工繁殖效率以及其田间防治效果,为柑橘大实蝇的预测预报及防治提供理论基础。【方法】基于光学显微镜测量恒温和室温条件下柑橘大实蝇雄虫的精巢、精泵以及精泵内骨骼的长度和宽度,并建立其长度、宽度和指数的函数模型,比较恒温和室温2种饲养条件下其雄虫器官发育状况差异。【结果】无论是在恒温还是室温条件下饲养,随着柑橘大实蝇雄成虫日龄的增加,其精巢、精泵以及精泵内骨骼的长度、宽度和指数变化趋势均符合幂函数增长模型。在恒温和室温条件下,其雄虫的精巢宽度、精泵的长度和宽度以及指数、精泵内骨骼宽度均无明显差异。在室温条件下饲养的雄虫的精巢长度[(4.00±0.14) mm]及指数(3.40±0.14)、精泵内骨骼长度[(1.65±0.03) mm]及指数(1.84±0.08)均分别显著高于在恒温条件下饲养的雄虫的精巢长度[(3.75±0.13) mm]及指数(3.19±0.14)、精泵内骨骼长度[(1.61±0.03) mm]及指数(1.77±0.08)。【结论】变温(室温)比恒温更有利于柑橘大实蝇雄虫的精巢和精泵内骨骼的发育,并推荐使用精泵长度推断其雄虫日龄的方法。